Ekufakweni kukagesi noma uhlelo lokunikezela ngogesi a uhlelo lokufaka izindlebe or uhlelo lokubeka phansi ixhuma izingxenye ezithile zalokho kufakwa nendawo yomhlaba eqhubayo ukuphepha nokusebenza ngezinhloso. Iphuzu lokubhekisela yindawo yomhlaba eqhubayo, noma emikhumbi, ebusweni bolwandle. Ukukhethwa kohlelo lomhlaba kungathinta ukuphepha nokuhambisana kagesi kokufakwa. Imithethonqubo yezinhlelo zomhlaba iyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe naphakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zezinhlelo zikagesi, yize eziningi zilandela izincomo zeKhomishini Yezomhlaba Yezobuchwepheshe echazwe ngezansi.

Le ndatshana iphathelene nokwesekwa kwamandla kagesi. Izibonelo zezinye izinhlelo zezinsimbi ezifakwe kuhlu zingezansi ngezixhumanisi zezindatshana:

• Ukuvikela isakhiwo ekushayweni kombani, ukuqondisa umbani ngohlelo lwe-earthing kanye nasendongeni yomhlabathi kunokudlula esakhiweni.
• Njengengxenye yamandla okubuyiselwa komhlaba womhlaba owodwa kanye nezintambo zezimpawu, njengokuthi zazisetshenziselwa ukulethwa kwamandla okuphonsa kancane kanye nezintambo ze-telegraph.
• Emsakazweni, njengendiza emhlabathini ye-antenna enkulu ye-monopole.
• Njenge-voltage elandelanayo yezinye izinhlobo zama-antenna omsakazo, njengezikhombo.
• Njengomthombo wokuphakelwa komhlaba we-antenna yomsakazo we-VLF ne-ELF.

Izinjongo zokufakwa kwegesi

Ukuvikelwa kwendlebe

E-UK “Earthing” ukuxhuma kwezingxenye eziveziwe zokufakwa kokufakwa ngokusebenzisa abaqhubi bokuvikela ku- "main earthing terminal", exhunywe ne-electrode ethintana nobuso bomhlaba. A umqhubi wokuvikela (PE) (eyaziwa njenge- umshini wokuhambisa umshini wokusebenza e-US National Electrical Code) igwema ingozi yokushaqeka kagesi ngokugcina indawo ebonakalayo evulekile yamadivayisi axhunyiwe iseduze namandla omhlaba ezimweni ezinamaphutha. Uma kwenzeka kunephutha, umsinga uvunyelwe ukugeleza emhlabeni ngohlelo lomhlaba. Uma lokhu kweqa ngokweqile ukuvikelwa kwe-fuse noma kwe-breaker breaker kuzosebenza, ngaleyo ndlela kuvikelwe isekethe futhi kususwe noma yimiphi imithamo ebangelwe amaphutha ezindaweni eziveziwe. Lokhu kunqanyulwa kuyisisekelo esiyisisekelo senkambiso yesimanje yezintambo futhi kubizwa ngokuthi "Ukunqanyulwa Okuzenzakalelayo Kokuphakela" (ADS). Amanani we-impedance we-loop enkulu evumelekile yomhlaba kanye nezici zamadivayisi wokuvikelwa ngokweqile kucaciswe ngokuqinile emithethweni yokuphepha kagesi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngokushesha nokuthi ngenkathi i-overcurrent igeleza izintambo ezinobungozi azenzeki ezindaweni ezihamba phambili. Ukuvikelwa ngakho-ke kukhawulela ukuphakama kwamandla nobude bawo.

Enye indlela ukuzivikela ekujuleni - njengokufakwa okuqinisiwe noma okuphindwe kabili - lapho ukwehluleka okuningi okuzimele kufanele kwenzeke ukuveza isimo esiyingozi.

Umsebenzi odonsa izindlebe

A umhlaba osebenzayo Ukuxhumana kusebenza inhloso ngaphandle kokuphepha kukagesi, futhi kungathwala okwamanje njengengxenye yokusebenza okujwayelekile. Isibonelo esibaluleke kakhulu somhlaba osebenzayo ukungathathi hlangothi ohlelweni lokunikezela ngogesi lapho kungukuqhuba okukhona njengamanje okuxhumeke kwi-electrode yomhlaba emthonjeni wamandla kagesi. Ezinye izibonelo zamadivayisi asebenzisa ukuxhumana komhlaba okusebenzayo afaka ama-suppressors okuhlinza kanye nezihlungi ze-electromagnetic.

Izinhlelo ezinamandla aphansi

Kumanethiwekhi wokusabalalisa amandla aphansi, ahambisa amandla kagesi esigabeni esikhulu kunazo zonke sabasebenzisi bokugcina, ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zomhlaba kungukuphepha kwabathengi abasebenzisa izinto zikagesi kanye nokuvikelwa kwabo ekushayweni ugesi. Uhlelo lwe-earthing, ngokuhlangana nezinto zokuvikela ezifana nama-fuses kanye namadivayisi asalayo asele, kufanele ekugcineni iqinisekise ukuthi umuntu akumele ahlangane nento eyinsimbi enamandla akhe ngokuhlobene namandla alomuntu okudlula umkhawulo “ophephile”, ngokuvamile obekwe cishe I-50 V.

Kumanethiwekhi kagesi anamandla wesistimu ka-240 V kuya ku-1.1 kV, asetshenziswa kakhulu kwimishini / emishini yezimboni / imishini kunamanethiwekhi afinyeleleka esidlangalaleni, ukwakheka kohlelo lomhlaba kubaluleke ngokulinganayo ekubukeni kokuphepha njengakubasebenzisi basekhaya.

Emazweni amaningi athuthukile, amasokhethi angama-220 V, ama-230 V, noma ama-240 V anabantu abaxhumana nabo asebethulwe emhlabeni afakwa ngaphambi nje noma ngemuva nje kwempi yezwe yesibili, yize kwahlukahluka kakhulu ekuthandeni izwe. E-United States naseCanada, izitolo zikagesi eziyi-120 V ezazifakwe ngaphambi maphakathi nawo-1960s zazingafaki iphini (lomhlaba). Emazweni asathuthuka, ukuqhutshwa kwentambo kwasendaweni kungahle kunganikeli uxhumano kuphini lokugwedla lokuphuma.

Uma ungekho umhlaba wokunikezela, amadivayisi adinga ukuxhumeka komhlaba ajwayele ukusebenzisa ukunikezwa okungathathi hlangothi. Abanye basebenzise izinduku zomhlabathi ezinikezelwe. Imishini eminingi engu-110 V inamapulaki ahlukanisiwe ukugcina umehluko phakathi "kolayini" kanye "nokungathathi hlangothi", kepha ukusebenzisa ukuphakelwa kokungathathi hlangothi kwemishini yomhlaba kungaba yinkinga enkulu. “Ulayini” kanye no "hlangothi" kungahle kuguqulwe ngephutha esitolo noma ipulagi, noma uxhumano olungathathi hlangothi emhlabeni lungahluleka noma lungafakwa kahle. Ngisho nemisinga evamile yomthwalo kokungathathi hlangothi ingahle yehle ngamaconsi kagesi ayingozi. Ngalezi zizathu, amazwe amaningi manje anikeze igunya lokuxhumeka komhlaba okuvikelwe okuzinikele manje osekucishe kube yindawo yonke.

Uma indlela enephutha phakathi kwezinto ezinikwe amandla ngengozi kanye nokuxhumeka kokuhlinzekile kuye kwaba nomthelela ophansi, iphutha lamanje lizoba likhulu kakhulu kangangokuba ithuluzi lokuvikela elenziwa ngokweqile (i-fuse noma i-circuit breaker) lizovula ukusula iphutha lomhlabathi. Lapho uhlelo lokufaka impahla lunganikezi umqhubi wensimbi ongaphazanyiswa okuphakathi kokufakwa kwensimbi nokubuyiselwa kokuhlinzekwa (okufana nohlelo lwe-TT olwehlukaniswe ngokwahlukana), ama-iphutha okuhamba ngephutha mancane, futhi ngeke asebenzise ithuluzi lokuvikela elenziwa ngokweqile. Esimweni esinjalo kufakwa umtshina wamanje osele ukuze kutholakale ukuvuza kwamanje phansi kanye nokuphazamisa ukujikeleza.

Isigama se-IEC

I-IEC ejwayelekile yomhlaba wonke ihlukanisa imindeni emithathu yamalungiselelo okuthola imali, isebenzisa amakhodi ezincwadi ezimbili TN, TT, Futhi IT.

Incwadi yokuqala ikhombisa ukuxhumana phakathi komhlaba nemishini yokuhambisa amandla (i-generator noma i-transformer):

"T" - Ukuxhumeka okuqondile kwephuzu nomhlaba (ngesiLatin: terra)

"Mina" - Akukho phuzu elixhumene nomhlaba (ukwahlukaniswa), ngaphandle kokuthi mhlawumbe kune-high impedance.

Incwadi yesibili ikhombisa ukuxhumana phakathi komhlaba noma inethiwekhi kanye nogesi okuhlinzekwayo:

"T" - Ukuxhumana komhlaba kungukuxhumana kwendawo ngqo nomhlaba (ngesiLatin: terra), kuvame ngenduku yomhlabathi.

"N" - Ukuxhumeka komhlaba kuhlinzekwa ngogesi Ni-etwork, kungaba njengomqhubi ohlukile wokuvikela umhlaba (i-PE) noma ihlanganiswe nomqhubi ongathathi hlangothi.

Izinhlobo zamanethiwekhi we-TN

Phakathi ku TN uhlelo lokufaka izindlebe, elinye lamaphoyinti ku-generator noma ku-transformer exhunyiwe nomhlaba, imvamisa iphuzu lenkanyezi ohlelweni lwezigaba ezintathu. Umzimba wensimbi kagesi uxhunyiwe nomhlaba ngokusebenzisa lokhu ukuxhumana komhlaba kwi-transformer. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kuyindlela ejwayelekile yamanje yezinhlelo zikagesi zokuhlala nezimboni ikakhulukazi eYurophu.

Umqhubi oxhuma izingxenye zensimbi eziveziwe zokufakwa kukagesi komthengi ubizwa umhlaba ovikelayo. Umqhubi oxhumanisa iphoyinti lenkanyezi ohlelweni lwezigaba ezintathu, noma ophethe ukubuyiswa kwamuva ohlelweni lwesigaba esisodwa, ubizwa ngokuthi ukungathathi hlangothi (N). Izinhlobo ezintathu ze-TN izinhlelo ziyahlukaniswa:

I-TN − S

I-PE ne-N abaqhubi abahlukile abaxhunyaniswe kuphela eduze komthombo wamandla.

I-TN − C

Umqhubi we-PEN ohlangene ugcwalisa imisebenzi ye-Pe kanye ne-N conductor. (ezinhlelweni ezingama-230 / 400v ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa amanethiwekhi wokusabalalisa kuphela)

I-TN − C − S

Ingxenye yohlelo isebenzisa i-PEN conductor ehlanganisiwe, kwesinye isikhathi ehlukaniswa yaba yimigqa ehlukile ye-PE ne-N. Umqhubi we-PEN ohlanganisiwe uvame ukwenzeka phakathi kokubekwa nendawo yokungena esakhiweni, futhi umhlaba nokungathathi hlangothi kuhlukaniswe ekhanda lenkonzo. E-UK, lolu hlelo lwaziwa ngokuthi ukuvikela izindlebe eziningi (PME), ngenxa yomkhuba wokuxhuma umhlanganisi ohlanganisiwe ongathathi hlangothi nomhlaba emhlabeni ezindaweni eziningi, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthuthumela kukagesi lapho kwenzeka umqhubi we-PEN ophukile. Izinhlelo ezifanayo e-Australia naseNew Zealand zidalwe njenge ukungathathi hlangothi okuningi (MEN) futhi, eNyakatho Melika, njengoba ukungathathi hlangothi okugcwele (MGN).

Kungenzeka ukuthi kube nezinto zombili ze-TN-S ne-TN-CS ezithathwe ku-transformer efanayo. Isibonelo, izigxobo zezintambo ezithile ezingaphansi komhlaba ziyabola futhi ziyeke ukunikeza ukuxhumana okuhle komhlaba, ngakho-ke amakhaya lapho kutholakala khona ukumelana okuphezulu "komhlaba omubi" angaguqulwa abe yi-TN-CS. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela kunethiwekhi lapho ukungathathi hlangothi kuqinile ngokuqinile ekuhlulekeni, futhi ukuguqulwa akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi. I-PEN kufanele ifaneleke ukuqiniswa ngokungaphumeleli, njengoba i-PEN yesekhethi evulekile ingahlaba umxhwele amandla wesigaba esigcwele kunoma iyiphi insimbi eveziwe exhunywe ohlelweni lomhlaba osezansi kwekhefu. Okunye ukuhlinzeka ngomhlaba wendawo bese uguqulela ku-TT. Okuheha kakhulu inethiwekhi ye-TN yindlela ephansi ye-impedance yomhlaba evumela ukunqanyulwa okuzenzakalelayo okulula (i-ADS) kusekethe ephezulu yamanje esimweni sesekethe elifushane eliya kulayini njengoba i-breaker noma i-fuse izosebenzela i-LN noma i-L -IP amaphutha, futhi i-RCD ayidingeki ukuthola amaphutha womhlaba.

Inethiwekhi ye-TT

Phakathi ku TT (Terra-Terra) earthing system, ukuxhumana komhlaba okuvikelayo kumthengi kunikezwa i-electrode yendawo, (kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi ukuxhumana kweTerra-Firma) futhi kukhona enye efakwe ngokuzimela ku-generator. Akukho 'cingo lomhlaba' phakathi kwalokhu okubili. Iphutha le-loop loop liphakeme, futhi ngaphandle kokuthi impedance ye-electrode iphansi impela, ukufakwa kwe-TT kufanele njalo kube ne-RCD (GFCI) njengesihlukanisi sayo sokuqala.

Inzuzo enkulu yohlelo lwe-TT earthing ukuphazanyiswa okwenziwe okuncishisiwe okuvela kwezinye izinto ezixhunywe abanye abasebenzisi. I-TT ibilokhu incanyelwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile ezinjengezingosi zokuxhumana ngocingo ezisizakala ngokuqedwa okungenaziphazamiso. Futhi, amanethiwekhi we-TT awafaki izingozi ezinkulu uma kwenzeka engathathi hlangothi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni lapho amandla asatshalaliswa khona ngaphezulu, abaqhubi bomhlaba abekho engcupheni yokuba bukhoma uma kwenzeka noma yimuphi umqhubi wokusabalalisa ngaphezulu ephulwe yisihlahla esiwile noma igatsha.

Esikhathini sangaphambi kwe-RCD, uhlelo lwe-TT elenza izinto lwalungasebenzi ukuze lusetshenziswe jikelele ngenxa yobunzima bokuhlela ukuxhumeka okuzenzakalelayo okuzenzakalelayo (i-ADS) esimweni sokujikeleza okufushane komugqa (kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ze-TN, lapho i-breaker efanayo noma i-fuse izosetshenziselwa amaphutha we-LN noma e-L-PE). Kepha njengoba amadivaysi asele asele edambisa lokhu kungahambi kahle, uhlelo lwe-TT elenza izinto luye lukhanga ngokwengeziwe uma nje wonke amasekhethi we-AC evikelwe i-RCD evikelekile. Kwamanye amazwe (njenge-UK) kunconyelwa izimo lapho indawo ephansi yokuphazamiseka kokuphazamiseka okungasebenzi kahle ingenzeki ukuze kugcinwe ngokubopha, lapho kukhona khona izintambo ezibalulekile zangaphandle, njengokuhlinzekwa ezindlini ezihamba nendlwana nezilungiselelo ezithile zezolimo, noma lapho kunephutha eliphezulu kakhulu khona zingadala ezinye izingozi, njengamadepho kaphethiloli noma ama-marinas.

Uhlelo lwe-TT lwe-earthing lusetshenziswa kulo lonke elaseJapan, ngamayunithi e-RCD kuzilungiselelo zezimboni eziningi. Lokhu kungaphoqelela izidingo ezingeziwe kuma-drive wemvamisa eguquguqukayo kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisebenza ngemodi eshintshiwe ezivame ukuba nokuhlunga okukhulu okudlula imvamisa ephezulu kumqhubi waphansi.

Inethiwekhi ye-IT

Ku-an IT inethiwekhi, uhlelo lokusatshalaliswa kukagesi alunakho ukuxhumana komhlaba nhlobo, noma lunokuxhumana okuphezulu kuphela.

Ukuqhathanisa

Amanye amatemu

Ngenkathi imithethonqubo kazwelonke yezintambo yamabhilidi yamazwe amaningi ilandela amatemu we-IEC 60364, eNyakatho Melika (e-United States naseCanada), igama elithi "umshini wokuqhuba imishini" lisho izindawo zemishini nezintambo eziphansi kumasekethe egatsha, kanye "nomgibeli we-electrode" isetshenziselwa abaqhubi ababopha induku yomhlaba (noma efanayo) kuphaneli yesevisi. "Umqhubi ogxilile" uhlelo "olungathathi hlangothi". Izindinganiso zase-Australia naseNew Zealand zisebenzisa uhlelo olushintshiwe lwe-PME earthing olubizwa nge-Multiple Earthed Neutral (MEN). Ukungathathi hlangothi kubekiwe (kudliwe) endaweni ngayinye yesevisi yomthengi ngaleyo ndlela kuletha ngempumelelo umehluko ongaba khona ongathathi hlangothi ku-zero kulo lonke ubude bemigqa ye-LV. E-UK nakwamanye amazwe e-Commonwealth, igama elithi "PNE", elisho ukuthi iSigaba-Esingathathi-hlangothi-Earth lisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi ama-conductor amathathu (noma ngaphezulu wokuxhuma okungekho esigabeni esisodwa) asetshenzisiwe, okungukuthi, i-PN-S.

Ukuphikiswa okubandakanyekwe (i-India)

Ngokufana nohlelo lwe-HT, uhlelo lokumelana nomhlaba luye lwethulwa nasezimayini eNdiya ngokweMithethonqubo Yeziphathimandla Zikagesi Ephakathi kohlelo lwe-LT (1100 V> LT> 230 V). Esikhundleni sokuqina komhlaba okuqinile kwenkanyezi engathathi hlangothi ukwengezwa okufanelekile kokumelana nokungathathi hlangothi (NGR) phakathi, kukhawulela ukuvuza komhlaba okufika ku-750 mA. Ngenxa yomkhawulo wamanje wephutha kuphephe kakhulu ezimayini ze-gassy.

Njengoba ukuvuza komhlaba kuvinjelwe, ukuvikelwa kokuvuza kunemikhawulo ephezulu kakhulu yokufakwa kwe-750 mA kuphela. Ngokwesistimu eqinile yokuvuza okuvuza njengamanje kungakhuphukela kumfushane wesifunda, lapha kukhawulelwe kuma-750 mA aphezulu. Lokhu kusebenza okunomkhawulo kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza kokuvikelwa kokudluliswa kokuvuza. Ukubaluleka kokuvikelwa okusebenzayo futhi okunokwethenjelwa kukhuphukile kwezokuphepha, ngokumelene nokushaqeka kukagesi ezimayini.

Kulesi simiso kukhona amathuba ukuthi ukumelana okuxhunyiwe kuvuleke. Ukugwema lokhu kuvikeleka okungeziwe ukuqapha ukumelana kuthunyelwa, okuxhumanisa amandla uma kwenzeka iphutha.

Ukuvikelwa kokuvuza komhlaba

Ukuvuza komhlaba kwe-current kungaba yingozi kakhulu kubantu, uma kungadlula kubo. Ukugwema ukushaqeka ngengozi ngemishini kagesi / imishini edluliselwe / inzwa yokuvuza komhlaba kusetshenziswa emthonjeni ukwahlukanisa amandla lapho ukuvuza kudlula umkhawulo othile. Umhlaba full breaker breaker asetshenziselwa injongo. I-breaking breaker yamanje ibizwa nge-RCB / RCCB. Kuzicelo zezimboni, ukudluliswa kokuvuza komhlaba kusetshenziswa nge-CT ehlukile (i-transformer yamanje) ebizwa nge-CBCT (i-core balance current transformer) ezwa ukuvuza okukhona (zero phase sequence current) kohlelo ngokusebenzisa i-CBCT yesibili futhi lokhu kusebenza ukudluliswa. Lokhu kuvikela kusebenza ebangeni lama-milli-Amps futhi kungasethwa kusuka ku-30 ​​mA kuye ku-3000 mA.

Isheke sokuxhuma komhlaba

I-p eyodwa eyisiqoqelalwazi ehlukile isetshenziswa kohlelo lokusabalalisa / lokufaka imishini ngaphezu komgogodla womhlaba. Idivaysi yokuhlola ukuxhumeka komhlaba iqondiswa ekugcineni kokuqapha okuhlola ukuqhubeka kokuxhumana komhlaba. I-driver core p iqalisa kusuka kule divayisi yokuhlola futhi ihamba ngokuxhuma ikhebula elihamba ngomkhondo elihlinzeka ngamandla kwimishini yokuhambisa imayini (i-LHD). Le pini eyisixhumi ixhunyiwe emhlabeni emaphethelweni wokusabalalisa nge-diode circ, eqeda umjikelezo kagesi osungulwe kudivayisi yokuhlola. Lapho ukuxhumana komhlaba nemoto kuphukile, lo mzungezo oyindilinga oyinqamula uyanqanyulwa, insiza evikelayo egxilisiwe ekutholeni amandla okuphelisa bese ihlukanisa amandla okusebenzisa. Lolu hlobo lwesekethe kumele lisebenze ngemishini kagesi esindayo esetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimayini zomhlaba.

Izakhiwo

Cost

• Amanethiwekhi we-TN agcina izindleko zokuxhumeka komhlaba okuphazamisa kakhulu isiza kumthengi ngamunye. Ukuxhumeka okunjalo (isakhiwo sensimbi esingcwatshwayo) kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka umhlaba ovikelayo ezinhlelweni ze-IT ne-TT.
• Amanethiwekhi we-TN-C asindisa izindleko zomqhubi ongezekayo odingekayo ekuxhumeni okuhlukile kwe-N ne-Pe. Kodwa-ke, ukunciphisa ingozi yokungathathi hlangothi okuphukile, izinhlobo ezikhethekile zekhebula nokuxhumana okuningi emhlabeni kuyadingeka.
• Amanethiwekhi we-TT adinga ukuvikelwa okuqondile kwe-RCD (I-Ground iphutha).

Ukuphepha

• Ku-TN, iphutha lokufakelwa kungenzeka liholele ekuphakameni okungatheni okufushane okuzobangela i-over-frequency breaker noma i-fuse futhi kunqamule abaqhubi be-L. Ngamasistimu we-TT, i-Earth iphutha loop impedance ingaba phezulu kakhulu ukwenza lokhu, noma iphakeme kakhulu ukukwenza ngesikhathi esidingakalayo, ngakho i-RCD (eyayikade i-ELCB) ivame ukuqashwa. Ukufakwa kwe-TT kwangaphambilini kungenzeka kube nokuntula lesi sici esibalulekile sezokuphepha, kuvumela i-CPC (Circuit Protuctor Conductor noma i-PE) futhi mhlawumbe izingxenye ezihlotshaniswa nezinsimbi ezitholakala kubantu (izingxenye eziveziwe zokuziphatha kanye nezingxenye zangaphandle) zinikezwe amandla isikhathi esandisiwe ngaphansi kwephutha izimo, okuyingozi yangempela.
• Ezinhlelweni ze-TN-S ne-TT (naku-TN-CS ngaphesheya kwendawo yokuqhekeka), kungassetjenziswa insimbi esetshenziswayo manje ukuze kuvikelwe okwengeziwe. Uma kungekho phutha lokufaka kufoni yomthengi, i-equation I_L1+I_L2+I_L3+I_N = 0 iphethe, futhi i-RCD inganqamula ukunikezwa ngokushesha nje lapho lesi samba sifinyelela umkhawulo (imvamisa i-10 mA - 500 mA). Iphutha lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-L noma i-N ne-PE lizoqala i-RCD ngamathuba aphezulu.
• Kumanethiwekhi e-IT kanye ne-TN-C, amadivayisi asalayo njengamanje angakwazi ukuthola iphutha lokufaka. Ohlelweni lwe-TN-C, bangavikeleka kakhulu ekuqhamukeni okungafuneki okuvela ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwabaqhubi bomhlaba wesekethe kuma-RCD ahlukene noma ngomhlaba wangempela, okwenza ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kungabikhona. Futhi, ama-RCDs ngokuvamile ahlukanisa umnyango ongathathi hlangothi. Njengoba kungaphephile ukwenza lokhu ohlelweni lwe-TN-C, ama-RCD ku-TN-C kufanele aboshwe izintambo ukuze aphazamise umqhubi wesigcawu kuphela.
• Ezinhlelweni zesigaba esisodwa lapho uMhlaba nokungathathi hlangothi kuhlanganiswa khona (i-TN-C, kanye nengxenye yezinhlelo ze-TN-CS ezisebenzisa umnyakazo ohlanganisiwe nowomhlaba), uma kunenkinga yokuxhumana kumqhubi we-PEN, lapho-ke zonke izingxenye zohlelo lokufaka izindlebe ngaphesheya kwekhefu zizokhuphukela kumandla we-L conductor. Kuhlelo olungenakulinganiswa lwezigaba eziningi, amandla ohlelo lwe-earthing luzoqhubekela kulolo lomqhubi olayini olayisha kakhulu. Ukukhuphuka okunjalo kumandla wokungathathi hlangothi kwekhefu kuyaziwa ngokuthi a ukungathathi hlangothi. Ngakho-ke, ukuxhumana kwe-TN-C akumele kudlule ukuxhumeka kwepulaki / kwesokhethi noma izintambo eziguquguqukayo, lapho kunamathuba aphezulu ezinkinga zokuxhumana kunasezintanjeni ezihleliwe. Kukhona nobungozi uma ikhebula lonakele, elingancishiswa ngokusetshenziswa kokwakhiwa kwamakhebuli okugxila kanye nama-electrode amaningi omhlaba. Ngenxa yobungozi (obuncane) bokulahleka okungathathi hlangothi bomsebenzi wensimbi obunamandla obunobungozi, kuhambisana nobungozi obusabekayo bokuqhamuka ekusondeleni ekuxhumaneni okuhle nomhlaba weqiniso, ukusetshenziswa kwempahla ye-TN-CS kuvinjelwe e-UK izindawo zamakharavani nokunikezwa kogu ezikebheni, futhi kudikibele kakhulu ukuthi kusetshenziswe emapulazini nasezakhiweni zangaphandle zokwakha, futhi ezimweni ezinjalo kunconywa ukuthi kwenziwe yonke i-wiring TT yangaphandle nge-RCD kanye ne-electrode yomhlaba ehlukile.
• Ezinhlelweni ze-IT, iphutha elilodwa lokufakelwa kungenzeka lingabangeli ukuba imisinga eyingozi igeleze emzimbeni womuntu lapho ihlangana nomhlaba, ngoba akukho sifunda sokuphazamiseka okungaphansi okukhona ukuze okukhona kugeleze. Kodwa-ke, iphutha lokuqala lokufaka lingaguqula ngempumelelo uhlelo lwe-IT lube uhlelo lwe-TN, khona-ke iphutha lesibili lokufakelwa lingaholela emisindweni eyingozi yomzimba. Okubi kakhulu, ohlelweni olunezigaba eziningi, uma omunye wabaqhubi bomugqa axhumana nomhlaba, kuzodala ukuthi amanye amalungu wesigaba akhuphukele esigabeni sama-voltage isigaba esisesilinganisweni se-voltage kune-phase-neutral voltage. Amasistimu we-IT nawo atholakala ngaphezulu kwehaba isikhathi esifushane kunezinye izinhlelo.
• Ezinhlelweni ze-TN-C ne-TN-CS, noma yikuphi ukuxhumana phakathi kwenhlanganisela engathathi hlangothi yomhlaba kanye nomzimba womhlaba kungagcina kuthwale okukhona njengamanje ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, futhi kungathwala okungaphezulu kakhulu ngaphansi kwesimo sokungathathi hlangothi. Ngakho-ke, abaqhubi abakhulu bokunikela ngokubambisana kufanele bakalwe benalokhu engqondweni; Ukusetshenziswa kwe-TN-CS akunakuphawuleki ezimweni ezinjengeziteshini zikaphethiloli, lapho kunenhlanganisela yezinsimbi eziningi ezingcwatshwe kanye namagesi aqhumayo.

Ukuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic

• Ezinhlelweni ze-TN-S ne-TT, umthengi unokuxhumana okuphansi komhlaba, engahlupheki ngogesi ovela kumqhubi we-N ngenxa yamagagasi abuyela emuva kanye nokuphazamiseka kwalowo oqhuba. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngezinhlobo ezithile zokuxhumana ngocingo kanye nemishini yokulinganisa.
• Ezinhlelweni ze-TT, umthengi ngamunye unokuxhumana kwakhe emhlabeni, futhi ngeke aqaphele noma yimiphi imisinga engahle idalwe abanye abathengi kulayini we-PE okwabiwe ngawo.

Imithethonqubo

• E-United States National Electrical Code naseCanada Electrical Code okuphakelayo okuvela kusiguquli sokuhambisa kusetshenziswa isihlanganisi esihlangene esingathathi hlangothi nesisekelo, kepha ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo kusetshenziswa abaqhubi bomhlaba abahlanganyeli nabavikeli (TN-CS). Ukungathathi hlangothi kufanele kuxhunywe emhlabeni kuphela ohlangothini lokunikezwa kwenkinobho yokunqamula yekhasimende.
• E-Argentina, eFrance (TT) nase-Australia (TN-CS), amakhasimende kumele ahlinzeke ngokuxhumana komhlaba.
• IJapan ilawulwa ngumthetho we-PSE, futhi isebenzisa i-TT engenayo ekufakweni okuningi.
• E-Australia, kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-Multiple Earthed Neutral (MEN) futhi luchazwa eSigabeni 5 se-AS 3000. Kwikhasimende le-LV, uhlelo lwe-TN-C olusuka kumguquli osemgwaqweni uya ezakhiweni, (olungathathi hlangothi lukhona kuminywe kaninginingi kulengxenye), nohlelo lwe-TN-S ngaphakathi kokufakwa, ukusuka ku-Main switchchboard phansi. Kubhekwe ngokuphelele, kuyindlela ye-TN-CS.
• EDenmark umthetho ophakeme onamandla (i-Stærkstrømsbekendtgørelsen) neMalawi i-Electricity Ordinance 1994 uthi bonke abathengi kufanele basebenzise i-TT engenayo, yize kungamacala angavunyelwe i-TN-CS (isetshenziswe ngendlela efanayo nase-United States). Imithetho ihlukile uma kukhulunywa ngezinkampani ezinkulu.
• E-India ngokwe-Central Electricity Authority Regulations, i-CEAR, 2010, umthetho wama-41, kukhona ukuhlinzekwa kokwehliswa komhlaba, ucingo olungathathi hlangothi lwesigaba esithathu, uhlelo olunezintambo ezine kanye nolunye ucingo lwesithathu olwengeziwe lwesigaba se-3, 4-wire system. Indlebe kufanele yenziwe ngokuxhuma okuhlukene okumbili. Isistimu yokwakha futhi ibe nemigodi emibili noma ngaphezulu yomhlaba (i-electrode) enjengokuthi kube khona isisekelo esifanele. Ngokomthetho wama-2, ukufakwa okulayishwe ngenhla kuka-3 kW okudlula ama-42 V kuzoba nedivayisi efanelekile yokuvikela ukuvuza komhlaba ukwehlukanisa umthwalo uma kwenzeka iphutha lomhlaba noma ukuvuza.

Izibonelo zohlelo lokusebenza

• Ezindaweni zase-UK lapho kuhlangana khona amandla amancane angaphansi komhlaba, uhlelo lwe-TN-S luvamile.
• ENdiya LT ukuhlinzeka kuvame ngohlelo lwe-TN-S. INealral isisekelo ephindwe kabili ku-transformer yokusatshalaliswa. Okungathathi hlangothi nomhlaba kugijima ngokuhlukile kulayini / izintambo zokuhambisa ngaphezulu. Kusetshenziselwa ukuqhuba okuhlukanisayo kwemigqa eyeqile nokuphatha izintambo ukuxhumana komhlaba. Ama-electrodes womhlaba / imigodi eyengeziwe afakwa emaphethelweni omsebenzisi wokuqinisa umhlaba.
• Iningi lemizi yesimanje eYurophu inohlelo lwe-TN-CS earthing. Ukungathathi hlangothi okuhlangene nomhlaba kwenzeka phakathi kwesiteshi sesiguquli esiseduze nesevisi esikiwe (i-fuse ngaphambi kwemitha). Ngemuva kwalokhu, kusetshenziswa izintambo zangaphakathi ezihlukanisiwe zomhlaba nezinhlamvu ezingathathi hlangothi.
• Amakhaya amadala amadolobha namadolobhana ase-UK ajwayele ukuba nezinto zakwa-TN-S, ukuxhumana komhlaba okulethwe ngomhede wokuhola nekheli elingaphansi kwephepha elingaphansi.
• Amakhaya amadala eNorway asebenzisa uhlelo lwe-IT ngenkathi amakhaya amasha esebenzisa i-TN-CS.
• Amanye amakhaya asebekhulile, ikakhulukazi lawo awakhiwa ngaphambi kokuqalwa kweziqhumane zesifunda ezisalelayo futhi amanethiwekhi endawo asekhaya, asebenzisa ilungiselelo le-TN-C le-in-house. Lokhu akusasebenzi okunconywayo.
• Amakamelo weLabhoratri, izikhungo zezokwelapha, amasiza okwakha, amashabhu wokulungisa, ukufakwa kukagesi weselula, nezinye izindawo ezinikezwa ngabakhiqizi bezinjini lapho kunobungozi obukhulu bokuthi kufakwe amaphutha okufaka, bavame ukusebenzisa ilungiselelo le-IT lokuhlinzekwa kusuka kubaguquli abahlukanisiwe. Ukunciphisa izinkinga zamaphutha amabili nezinhlelo ze-IT, abaguquli abahlukanisayo kufanele bahlinzeke inani elincane kuphela lemithwalo ngamunye futhi kufanele bavikelwe ngedivaysi yokuqapha yokufakelwa (evame ukusetshenziswa kuphela ngohlelo lwezokwelapha, lukaloliwe noma lwebutho lezempi, ngenxa yezindleko).
• Ezindaweni ezikude, lapho izindleko zomqhubi owengeziwe we-PE ezedlula izindleko zokuxhumeka komhlaba wendawo, amanethiwekhi we-TT asetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezindala noma ezindaweni zasemakhaya, lapho ukuphepha kungasongelwa ngokuqhekeka okuthile ngaphezulu kwesihambisi se-Pe, yithi, igatsha lesihlahla esiwile. Ukuhlinzekwa kwe-TT kwizakhiwo ngazinye kuyabonakala kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-TN-CS lapho impahla eyodwa ibhekwa njengengakulungele ukutholakala kwe-TN-CS.
• E-Australia, eNew Zealand nase-Israel uhlelo lwe-TN-CS luyasetshenziswa; kodwa-ke, imithetho yezintambo njengamanje ithi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhasimende ngalinye kumele linikeze ukuxhumana okuhlukile emhlabeni ngezibopho zamapayipi amanzi (uma amapayipi amanzi ensimbi engena endaweni yomthengi) kanye ne-electrode yomhlaba ezinikele. E-Australia naseNew Zealand lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-Multiple Earthed Neutral Link noma i-MEN Link. Lesi sixhumanisi se-MEN siyasuswa ngenhloso yokuhlola ukufakwa, kepha sixhunywe ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kohlelo lokukhiya (ngokwesibonelo ama-locknuts) noma izikulufo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Kuhlelo lwe-MEN, ubuqotho be-Neutral bubaluleke kakhulu. E-Australia, ukufakwa okusha kufanele futhi kuqinise ukusetshenziswa kwesisekelo kokhonkolo ngaphansi kwezindawo ezimanzi kumqhubi womhlaba (AS3000), okwandisa ubukhulu bosayizi bomhlaba, futhi kunikeze indiza ye-equipotential ezindaweni ezifana nezindlu zangasese. Ekufakweni okudala, akuvamile ukuthola kuphela ibhondi yamapayipi amanzi, futhi kuvunyelwe ukuhlala kunjalo, kepha i-electrode eyengeziwe yomhlaba kufanele ifakwe uma kukhona umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa owenziwayo. Umhlaba ovikelayo nabaqhubi abangathathi hlangothi bahlanganisiwe kuze kube yilapho isixhumanisi somthengi esingathathi hlangothi (esisehlangothini lwekhasimende lokuxhuma okungathathi hlangothi kwemitha kagesi) - ngale kwaleli phuzu, umhlaba ovikelayo nabaqhubi abangathathi hlangothi bahlukene.

Izinhlelo ezinamandla amakhulu

Kumanethiwekhi anamandla amakhulu (ngenhla kwe-1 kV), angatholakali kalula emphakathini jikelele, ukugxila kohlelo lwe-earthing kuncane ekuphepheni futhi kakhulu ekuthembekeni kokuphakelwa, ukwethembeka kokuvikelwa, kanye nomthelela entweni yokusebenza phambi isifunda esifushane. Ubukhulu kuphela bamasekethe amafushane asezingeni eliphansi, okuyizinto ezivame kakhulu, athinteka kakhulu ekukhetheni kohlelo lomhlaba, njengoba indlela yamanje ivaliwe kakhulu emhlabeni. Iziguquli zamandla ezigaba ezintathu ze-HV / MV, ezisendaweni yezinhlayiya zokusabalalisa, zingumthombo ovame kakhulu wokuphakelwa kwamanethiwekhi wokusabalalisa, futhi uhlobo lwesisekelo sokungathathi hlangothi kwabo lunquma uhlelo lomhlaba.

Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zezindlebe ezingathathi hlangothi:

• Ukungathathi hlangothi okuqinile
• Kutholwe ukungathathi hlangothi
• Ukumelana nakho
  • Ukufakwa kwethanga eliphansi
  • Into ephikisa ukumelana kakhulu
• Ukungqubuzana okutholwe kungathathi hlangothi
• Kusetshenziswa ama-earthing transformers (anjenge-Zigzag transformer)

Ukungathathi hlangothi okuqinile

In Eqinile or ngqo iphuzu lenkanyezi le-transformer elingathathi hlangothi, ixhunywe ngqo emhlabathini. Kulesi sixazululo, kunikezwa indlela ye-impedance ephansi yokuvalwa kwephutha lomhlabathi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ubukhulu babo buqhathaniswa nemisinga yamaphutha esigaba sesithathu. Njengoba ukungathathi hlangothi kusemandleni okusondela eduze komhlaba, izingqinamba ezigabeni ezingathintekile zihlala emazingeni afana nalawo angaphambi kwephutha; ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lolu hlelo lusetshenziswa njalo kumanethiwekhi wokudlulisa amandla aphezulu, lapho izindleko zokufakwa zingaphezulu.

Ukumelana nakho

Ukunciphisa umkhawulo wesifunda omfushane wephutha elengeziwe lokumelana nokungathathi hlangothi (NGR) kungezwa phakathi kokungathathi hlangothi, iphuzu lenkanyezi ye-transformer nomhlabathi.

Ukufakwa kwethanga eliphansi

Ngomkhawulo wephutha eliphansi lomkhawulo wamanje uphezulu. ENdiya kukhawulelwe ama-50 A ukuthola izimayini ezivulekile njengezimiso zeCentral Electricity Authority RegEC, CEAR, 2010, umthetho 100.

Kutholwe ukungathathi hlangothi

In kwembulwa, elingalodwa or ukungathathi hlangothi uhlelo, njengasehlelweni lwe-IT, akukho ukuxhumana okuqondile kwephuzu lenkanyezi (noma elinye iphuzu kunethiwekhi) nomhlabathi. Ngenxa yalokhu, imisinga yamaphutha asemhlabathini ayinandlela yokuvalwa futhi ngenxa yalokho iba nobukhulu obungenakuqhathaniswa. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni, iphutha elikhona manje ngeke lilingane no-zero: abaqhubi besekethe - ikakhulukazi izintambo zangaphansi komhlaba - banokuphakama kokuqonda emhlabeni, okunikeza indlela yokuphazamiseka okuphezulu.

Izinhlelo ezingathathi hlangothi zodwa zingaqhubeka nokusebenza futhi zinikeze ukulethwa okungaphazanyiswa noma kukhona iphutha lomhlabathi.

Ukuba khona kwephutha lomhlabathi elingaphazanyiswa kungahle kube nobungozi obukhulu bezokuphepha: uma i-current idlula i-4 A - 5 A i-arc kagesi iyavela, engaqiniswa noma ngabe iphutha selisusiwe. Ngaleso sizathu, zikhawulelwe ikakhulu kumanethiwekhi angaphansi komhlaba nawolwandle, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimboni, lapho isidingo sokwethenjelwa siphezulu futhi namathuba okuxhumana nabantu aphansi kakhulu. Kumanethiwekhi wokusabalalisa asemadolobheni aneziphakeli eziningi ezingaphansi komhlaba, i-capacitive yamanje ingafinyelela amashumi ama-amperes amaningi, okubeka ubungozi obukhulu bemishini.

Inzuzo yokusebenza kwamaphutha aphansi wamanje nokuqhubeka kwesistimu ngemuva kwalokho isuswa ngokudalwa okungaqondakali ukuthi indawo enephutha kunzima ukuyithola.