Ukutholwa kokuvuza

by Ubunjiniyela beDelta / NgoLwesihlanu, i-25 March 2016 / Ishicilelwe ku Amandla amakhulu

Iphayiphi ukutholwa okuvuzayo isetshenziselwa ukunquma uma futhi kwezinye izimo lapho ukuvuza kwenzekile ezinhlelweni eziqukethe uketshezi nezibuko. Izindlela zokutholwa zifaka ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic ngemuva kokuqanjwa kwamapayipi nokutholwa okuvuzayo ngesikhathi senkonzo.

Amanethiwekhi wepayipi ayindlela yokunotha ephephe kunazo zonke yokuhamba kwamafutha, amagesi neminye imikhiqizo yothuthu. Njengendlela yokuhamba amabanga amade, amapayipi kufanele afeze izidingo eziphezulu zokuphepha, ukuthembeka kanye nokusebenza kahle. Uma ugcinwe kahle, amapayipi angahlala unomphela ngaphandle kokuvuza. Ukuvuza okubaluleke kakhulu okwenzekayo kubangelwa wukulimala kwemishini yokumbiwa eseduze, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukubiza abaphathi ngaphambi kokwemba ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi awekho amapayipi angcwatshwe eduze kwalapho. Uma ipayipi lingalondolozwanga kahle, lingaqala ukuhamba kancane, ikakhulukazi emalungeni okwakha, ezindaweni eziphansi lapho umswakama uqoqa khona, noma izindawo ezinokungapheleli kwepayipi. Kodwa-ke, la maphutha angabonakala ngamathuluzi wokuhlola futhi alungiswe ngaphambi kokuthi aqale ukuvuza. Ezinye izizathu zokuvuza zifaka izingozi, ukuhamba komhlaba, noma ukonakala.

Inhloso yokuqala yezinhlelo zokubona ukuvuza (LDS) ukusiza abalawuli bamapayipi ekutholeni nasekufumaneni ukuvuza kwendawo. Ama-LDS anikezela nge-alamu futhi abonise eminye imininingwane ehlobene nabalawuli bamapayipi ukuze basize ekwenziweni kwezinqumo. Izinhlelo zokutholwa kokuvuza kwamapayipi nazo zinenzuzo ngoba zingakhulisa umkhiqizo kanye nokwethembeka kohlelo ngokubekelwa isikhathi sokuphumula nesikhathi sokuhlola esincishisiwe. Ama-LDS ayingxenye ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe bamapayipi.

Ngokombhalo we-API "RP 1130", ama-LDS ahlukaniswe ama-LDS asuselwa ngaphakathi kanye ne-LDS yangaphandle. Amasistimu asuselwa ngaphakathi asebenzisa izinsiza zensimu (ngokwesibonelo ukugeleza, ingcindezi noma izinzwa zokushisa zamanzi) ukuqapha imingcele yangaphakathi yamapayipi. Izinhlelo ezisuselwa ngaphandle zibuye zisebenzise izinsiza zensimu (ngokwesibonelo imisebe engamakhompiyutha noma amakhamera we-thermal, izinzwa zokuphefumula, imakrofoni ye-acoustic noma izintambo ze-fiber-optic) ukuqapha ipharamitha yangaphandle.

Imithetho nemigomo

Amanye amazwe alawula ngokusemthethweni ukusebenza kwamapayipi.

I-API RP 1130 "Ukuqapha I-Computational Pipeline Monitor for Liquids" (USA)

Lo mkhuba onconywayo (RP) ugxile ekwakhiweni, ekuqalisweni, ekuhlolweni nasekusebenzeni kwe-LDS esebenzisa indlela ye-algorithmic. Inhloso yalo mkhuba onconyiwe ukusiza i-Pipeline Operator ekuboneni izingqinamba ezihambisana nokukhethwa, ukusetshenziswa, ukuhlolwa nokusebenza kwe-LDS. I-LDS ihlukaniswa ibe esekwe ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Amasistimu asekelwe ngaphakathi asebenzisa insimbi yokusebenza (isib. Ukugeleza, ingcindezi kanye nokushisa okumanzi) ukuqapha amapharamitha wangaphakathi wepayipi; le mingcele yamapayipi kamuva isetshenziselwa ukufaka ukuvuza. Amasistimu angaphandle asebenzisa izinzwa zasendaweni, ezinikele.

I-TRFL (Germany)

I-TRFL isifinyezo se- "Technische Regel für Fernleitungsanlagen" (Umthetho Wezobuchwepheshe Wezinhlelo Zamapayipi). I-TRFL ifingqa izidingo zamapayipi angaphansi kwemithetho esemthethweni. Ihlanganisa amapayipi ahambisa iziphuzo ezivuthayo, amapayipi ahambisa uketshezi oluyingozi emanzini, namapayipi amaningi ahambisa igesi. Izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezihlukene zemisebenzi ye-LDS noma ye-LDS ziyadingeka:

Ama-LDS amabili azimele wokutholwa kokuvuza okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuqinile. Enye yalezi zinhlelo noma enye eyengeziwe kufanele ikwazi ukubona ukuvuza ngesikhathi sokusebenza isikhashana, isib ngesikhathi sokuqalisa kwepayipi.
I-LDS eyodwa yokutholwa okuvuzayo phakathi kokusebenza okuvalekile
I-LDS eyodwa yokuvuza kwezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo
I-LDS eyodwa yendawo evuzayo esheshayo

Izidingo

API 1155 (ithathelwe indawo yi-API RP 1130) ichaza izidingo ezibalulekile ezilandelayo ze-LDS:

Ukuzwela: I-LDS kumele iqinisekise ukuthi ukulahleka kukamanzi ngenxa yokuvuza kuncane ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kubeka izidingo ezimbili ohlelweni: kumele ibone ukuvuza okuncane, futhi kufanele ikubone ngokushesha.
Ukwethembeka: Umsebenzisi kufanele akwazi ukwethemba i-LDS. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele ibike ngokufanele noma iyiphi i-alamu yangempela, kodwa futhi kubalulekile ukuthi ayakhiqizi ama-alamu angamanga.
Ukunemba: Amanye ama-LDS ayakwazi ukubala ukugeleza okuvuza nendawo okuvuzayo. Lokhu kumele kwenziwe ngokunemba.
Ukuqina: I-LDS kufanele iqhubeke isebenza ezimweni ezingezinhle. Isibonelo, uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kwe-transducer, uhlelo kufanele lubone ukwehluleka futhi luqhubeke lusebenze (ngokunokwenzeka ngesimo esidingekile njengokuzwela okuncishisiwe).

Izimo zeSteady nezesikhashana

Ngesikhathi sezimo eziqinile zesifundazwe, ukugeleza, izingcindezi, njll. Kwipayipi kuhlala (kungaphezulu noma ngaphansi) kokuqhubeka kwesikhathi. Ngesikhathi sezimo zesikhashana, lezi zinto eziguqukayo zingashintsha ngokushesha. Izinguquko zisakazeka njengamagagasi ngepayipi ngejubane lomsindo wamanzi. Izimo zesikhashana zenzeka ngepayipi ngokwesibonelo ekuqaleni, uma ingcindezi yokungena noma okushintshiwe (noma ngabe ushintsho luncane), nalapho i-batch ishintsha, noma lapho imikhiqizo eminingi isepayipini. Amapayipi kagesi cishe ahlala ezimweni zesikhashana, ngoba amagesi acindezelwa kakhulu. Noma ngamapayipi we-liquid, imiphumela yesikhashana ayikwazi ukunganakwa isikhathi esiningi. I-LDS kufanele ivumele ukutholwa kokuvuza kwalezi zimo zombili ukuhlinzeka ukutholwa okuvuzayo phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokusebenza kwepayipi.

I-LDS esekwe ngaphakathi

Ukubuka konke nge-LDS esekwe ngaphakathi

Amasistimu asekelwe ngaphakathi asebenzisa insimbi yokusebenza (isib. Ukugeleza, ingcindezi kanye nokushisa okumanzi) ukuqapha amapharamitha wangaphakathi wepayipi; le mingcele yamapayipi kamuva isetshenziselwa ukufaka ukuvuza. Izindleko zesistimu nobunzima be-LDS esekwe ngaphakathi bulinganisiwe ngoba basebenzisa insimbi yomculo ekhona. Lolu hlobo lwe-LDS lusetshenziselwa izidingo ezijwayelekile zokuphepha.

Ingcindezi / ukuqapha kokugeleza

Ukuvuza kuguqula i-hydraulics yepayipi, futhi ngenxa yalokho kushintsha ukucindezela noma ukufundwa kokugeleza ngemuva kwesikhashana. Ukuqapha kwendawo ingcindezi noma ukugeleza endaweni eyodwa kuphela kunganikeza ukutholwa okulula kokuvuza. Njengoba kwenziwa endaweni kudinga ngokomthetho akukho telemetry. Isebenza kuphela ezimeni eziqinile zezwe, kepha amandla ayo okubhekana namapayipi egesi alinganiselwe.

Amagagasi Okucindezela Kwe-Acoustic

Indlela ye-acoustic pressure wave ihlaziya amagagasi e-rarefaction akhiqizwa lapho kuvuza khona. Lapho kwenzeka ukuwohloka kodonga lwamapayipi, kuphuma uketshezi noma igesi ngendlela yejubane elikhulu lejet. Lokhu kuveza amaza engcindezi amabi asakazeka kuzo zombili izinkomba ngaphakathi kwepayipi futhi angatholakala futhi ahlaziywe. Izimiso zokusebenza kwale ndlela zisuselwa kwisici esibaluleke kakhulu samaza engcindezi okuhamba amabanga amade ngejubane lomsindo oqondiswa izindonga zepayipi. Ukuphakama kwegagasi lengcindezi kuyanda ngosayizi wokuvuza. I-algorithm eyinkimbinkimbi yezibalo ihlaziya idatha kusuka kuzinzwa zokucindezela futhi ikwazi ngemizuzwana ukukhomba lapho kuvuza khona ngokunemba ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-50 (164 ft). Idatha yokuhlola ikhombise indlela yendlela yokuthola ukuvuza okungaphansi kuka-3mm (0.1 intshi) ububanzi futhi isebenze ngezinga eliphansi kakhulu le-alamu yamanga embonini - ngaphansi kwe-1 alarm alarm ngonyaka.

Kodwa-ke, indlela ayikwazi ukuthola ukuvuza okuqhubekayo ngemuva komcimbi wokuqala: ngemuva kokuqhekeka kodonga lwamapayipi (noma ukuqhekeka), amagagasi okucindezela kokuqala ancipha futhi awekho amagagasi okucindezela alandelayo akhiqizwayo. Ngakho-ke, uma uhlelo luhluleka ukuthola ukuvuza (ngokwesibonelo, ngoba amagagasi okucindezela ayefihlwe amagagasi omfutho wesikhashana abangelwa ngumcimbi wokusebenza onjengoshintsho ekucindezelweni kwephampu noma ekushintsheni i-valve), uhlelo ngeke lukuthole ukuvuza okuqhubekayo.

Izindlela zokulinganisa

Lezi zindlela zisekela emthethweni wokulondolozwa kwesisindo. Esimweni esithe xaxa, ukuhamba kwesisindo $\ dot {M} _I$ ukungena ngepayipi elingavunyelwe kuzolinganisa ukuhamba kwesisindo $\ dot {M} _O$ ukuyishiya; noma yikuphi ukwehla kwesisindo kushiya ipayipi (ukungalingani okuningi $\ dot {M} _I - \ dot {M} _O$ ) kubonisa ukuvuza. Izindlela zokulinganisa $\ dot {M} _I$ futhi $\ dot {M} _O$ usebenzisa izimbali ezigelezayo futhi ekugcineni zihlanganisa ukungalingani okuyisilinganiso sokugeleza okungaziwa, kweqiniso okuvuza. Ukuqhathanisa lokhu kungalingani (imvamisa kugadwe kaninginingi yezikhathi) kuqhathaniswa nomkhawulo we-alamu evuzayo $\ gamma$ ikhiqiza i-alamu uma lokhu kungalingani kugadwa. Izindlela zokulinganisa ezithuthukisiwe ngokungeziwe zibheka nezinga lokushintsha lokuqoqwa kwenqwaba yepayipi. Amagama asetshenziselwa amasu wokulinganisa ulayini athuthukisiwe ibhalansi yevolumu, ibhalansi yevolumu eguquliwe, kanye nebhalansi yesisindo enxephezelwayo.

Izindlela zezibalo

I-LDS yezibalo isebenzisa izindlela zezibalo (isb ezivela emkhakheni wethiyori yesinqumo) ukuhlaziya ingcindezi / ukugeleza endaweni eyodwa kuphela noma ukungalingani ukuze kutholakale ukuvuza. Lokhu kuholela ethubeni lokwandisa isinqumo sokuvuza uma ezinye izibalo zezibalo zibamba. Indlela ejwayelekile ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokuhlola ye-hypothesis

\ umbhalo {I-Hypothesis} H_0: \ umbhalo {Akukho ukuvuza}

\ umbhalo {I-Hypothesis} H_1: \ umbhalo {Leak}

Le yinkinga yokutholwa kwesizinda, futhi kunezixazululo ezahlukahlukene ezaziwa ngezibalo.

Izindlela ze-RTTM

I-RTTM isho ukuthi "Imodeli Yesikhashana Yesikhathi Sangempela". I-RTTM LDS isebenzisa amamodeli wezibalo wokugeleza ngaphakathi kwepayipi kusetshenziswa imithetho eyisisekelo yomzimba njengokulondolozwa kwesisindo, ukongiwa komfutho, nokongiwa kwamandla. Izindlela ze-RTTM zingabonakala njengokuthuthuka kwezindlela zokulinganisa njengoba zisebenzisa futhi umgomo wokongiwa kwamandla nomfutho. I-RTTM yenza kube nokwenzeka ukubala ukugeleza kobuningi, ingcindezi, ukuminyana kanye nokushisa kuzo zonke izindawo ezihambisana nepayipi ngesikhathi sangempela ngosizo lwezinhlelo zezibalo. I-RTTM LDS ingamodeli kalula ukugeleza okungaguquguquki nokuhamba kwesikhashana epayipini. Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-RTTM, ukuvuza kungatholwa phakathi kwezimo ezizinzile nezesikhashana. Ngamathuluzi asebenzayo afanele, amanani wokuvuza angalinganiselwa ngokusebenza kusetshenziswa amafomula atholakalayo.

Izindlela ze-E-RTTM

Ukugeleza kwesiginali Okunwetshiwe Kwangempela Ye-Real-Time Trigueent Model (E-RTTM)

I-E-RT TM imele "Model Extended Real-Time Transient Model", isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe beRTTM ngezindlela zezibalo. Ngakho-ke, ukutholakala kokuvuza kungenzeka ngesikhathi sesimo esizinzile nesesikhashana ngokuzwela okuphezulu, futhi ama-alamu angamanga azogwenywa kusetshenziswa izindlela zezibalo.

Ngendlela eseleyo, imodyuli ye-RTTM ibala ukulinganisa $\ hat {\ dot {M}} _ Mina$ , $\ hat {\ dot {M}} _ O$ ye-MASS FLOW ekungeneni nasezitolo, ngokulandelana. Lokhu kungenziwa kusetshenziswa izilinganiso ze ingcindezi kanye nokushisa kwangaphakathi $p_$ , $T_$ ) nokukhishwa ( $p_O$ , $T_O$ ). Ukugeleza kwesisindo okulinganiselwa kuqhathaniswa nokugeleza kwesisindo okulinganiselwe $\ dot {M} _I$ , $\ dot {M} _O$ , ukuvumela izinsalela $x = \ dot {M} _I - \ hat {\ dot {M}} _ I$ futhi $y = \ dot {M} _O - \ hat {\ dot {M}} _ O$ . Lezi zinsalela ziseduze kwe-zero uma kungekho ukuvuza; ngaphandle kwalokho izinsalela zibonisa isiginesha enophawu. Esinyatsweni esilandelayo, izinsalela zingaphansi kokuhlaziywa kwesiginesha okuvuzayo. Le module ihlaziya ukusebenza kwabo okwesikhashana ngokukhipha nokuqhathanisa isiginesha evuzayo kanye nesiginesha evuzayo database (“umunwe”). I-alamu evuzayo imenyezelwa uma isignesha ekhishwe ngokuvuza ihambelana ne-fingerprint.

I-LDS yangaphandle esekwe ngaphandle

Amasistimu angaphandle asebenzisa izinzwa zasendaweni, ezinikele. Ama-LDS anjalo abucayi kakhulu futhi anembile, kepha izindleko zesistimu nobunzima bokufakwa ngokuvamile kuphezulu kakhulu; Izicelo ngakho-ke zikhawulelwa ezindaweni ezikhethekile ezinobungozi obukhulu, isb. eduze nemifula noma izindawo zokuvikela imvelo.

Ikhebula Lokubona Kweleyidi Ye-Digital

Ama-Digital Sense Cables aqukethe i-braid ye-conductors yangaphakathi engena ngaphakathi evikelwe i-braid evunyelwe yokufaka insulating. Kudluliswa isiginali kagesi yize abaqhubi bangaphakathi bese kugadwe yi-microprocessor engakhelwanga ngaphakathi kwesixhumi sentambo. Ukuphuma koketshezi kudabula i-braid yangaphandle evunyelwe futhi kuthintane nabaqhubi bangaphakathi abangena ngaphakathi. Lokhu kudala ushintsho ezimeni zikagesi zekhebula ezitholakele yi-microprocessor. I-microprocessor ingathola uketshezi ngaphakathi kokuxazululwa okungamamitha ayi-1 ubude bayo futhi inikeze isignali efanelekile ezinhlelweni zokuqapha noma ku-opharetha. Izintambo zemiqondo zingafakwa emaphayipini, zingcwatshwe ngaphansi komhlaba ngamapayipi noma zifakwe njengokulungiswa kwepayipi.

Ukuhlolwa Kwamapayiphu E-infrared Radiometric

I-airmeter ye-airmogram yepayipi le-oyela elingcwatshwe ezweni elibonisa ukungcola okungaphansi okubangelwa ukuvuza

Ukuhlolwa kwamapayipi we-infrared thermographic kukhombisile ukuthi kunembile futhi kusebenza kahle ekutholeni nasekutholakaleni ukuvuza kwamapayipi we-subsurface, i-voids ebangelwa ukuguguleka, ukuwohloka kwamapayipi okonakele, nokubuyiselwa emuva okungalungile. Lapho ukuvuza kwepayipi kuvumele uketshezi, njengamanzi, ukwakha uthuthu eduze kwepayipi, uketshezi lunokuqhuba okushisayo okuhlukile kunenhlabathi eyomile noma ukubuyela emuva. Lokhu kuzokhonjiswa emaphethini wokushisa ebusweni ahlukene ngaphezulu kwendawo evuzayo. Isibonisi se-infrared esinokulungiswa okuphezulu sivumela izindawo zonke ukuthi ziskenwe nemininingwane eholelekile ukuthi ikhonjiswe njengezithombe ezinezindawo ezinamazinga okushisa ahlukene akhethwe ngamathoni empunga ahlukile esithombeni esimnyama nomhlophe noma ngemibala ehlukahlukene esithombeni sombala. Lolu hlelo lukala amaphethini wamandla angaphezulu komhlaba kuphela, kepha amaphethini alinganiswa ebusweni bomhlaba ngenhla kwepayipi elingcwatshiwe angasiza ekuboniseni lapho kuvuza khona amapayipi futhi kubangelwa ukuguguleka komhlaba okwakha; ithola izinkinga ezijule ngamamitha angama-30 ngaphansi komhlaba.

Okokutholwa kokutholwa kokukhuphuka

Ukuphuza uketshezi kudala isignali ye-acoustic njengoba bedlula emgodini wepayipi. Izinzwa ze-acoustic ezinamathele ngaphandle kwepayipi zakha “umunwe” wesisekelo womugqa ophuma ngomsindo wangaphakathi wepayipi esimweni salo esingalimali. Lapho ukuvuza kwenzeka, kutholakala isisusa somsakazo ophansi bese kuhlaziywa. Ukuphambuka kusuka kusisekelo "zeminwe" kusayina i-alamu. Manje izinzwa zinokuhleleka okungcono ngokukhethwa kwefrikhwensi yebhendi, ukukhethwa kokukhethwa kwebanga kokubambezeleka njll. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi amagrafu ahluke kakhulu futhi kube lula ukuhlaziya.Nezinye izindlela zokuthola ukuvuza. Amafoni we-geo-ground anelungiselelo lokuhlunga alusizo kakhulu ukukhomba indawo evuzayo. Igcina izindleko zokumba. Ijetti lamanzi enhlabathini ligaya udonga lwangaphakathi lomhlabathi noma ukhonkolo. Lokhu kuzodala umsindo obuthakathaka. Lo msindo uzobola ngenkathi ukhuphuka phezulu. Kepha umsindvo lomkhulu ungatfolwa kuphela ngesikhundla sekuvuza. Ama-amplifera nesihlungi asiza ekutholeni umsindo osobala. Ezinye izinhlobo zamagesi angena kulayini wepayipi azokwakha imisindo ehlukahlukene lapho eshiya ipayipi.

Amashubhu wezwa nge-Vapor

Indlela yokuzwa ukuvuza kweshubhu ebona umhwamuko ifaka ukufakwa kweshubhu kulo lonke ubude bepayipi. Le tube - ekwifomu lekhebula - ingena kakhulu ezintweni ezizotholakala kuhlelo oluthile. Uma kuvela ukuvuza, izinto ezizolinganiswa zithintana neshubhu ngesimo somphunga, igesi noma ukuncibilika emanzini. Uma kwenzeka kuvuza, ezinye zezinto ezivuzayo ziba phakathi kweshubhu. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, ingaphakathi leshubhu likhiqiza isithombe esinembile sezinto ezizungeze ithubhu. Ukuze uhlaziye ukusatshalaliswa kokuhlushwa okukhona kushubhu yenzwa, ipompo idudula ikholomu yomoya kuthubhu idlule iyunithi yokutholwa ngejubane elingaguquguquki. Iyunithi yedetector ekugcineni kwethubhu yenzwa ifakwe izinzwa zegesi. Konke ukwanda kokuhlushwa kwegesi kuholela “ekuphakameni kokuvuza”.

Ukutholwa kokuvuza kwe-Fibre-optic

Okungenani izindlela ezimbili zokubona ukuvuza kwe-fiber-opic zidayiswa: Ukuhanjiswa Kwezinga Lokushisa Lokushisa (DTS) ne-Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS). Indlela ye-DTS ifaka ukufakwa kukhebula le-fiber-optic ngobude bepayipi elibhekwa. Izinto okufanele zikalwe zihlangana nentambo lapho kuvela ukuvuza, kuguqula izinga lokushisa lekhebula futhi kushintshe okukhombisa ukushayeka kogongolo lwe-laser, okubonisa ukuvuza. Indawo yaziwa ngokulinganisa ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi phakathi lapho i-laser ishayela ikhishwa khona nalapho kukhonjwe khona kukhombisa. Lokhu kusebenza kuphela uma into isezingeni lokushisa elihlukile kwendawo ezungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo esatshalaliswa yokufudumeza ye-fiber-Optical inikezela ukuthi kungenzeka ukukala izinga lokushisa eceleni kwepayipi. Ukuskena lonke ubude befayibha, iphrofayili yokushisa eceleni kwefayibha inqunywe, okuholela ekutholakaleni okuvuzayo.

Indlela ye-DAS ifaka ukufakwa okufanayo kwekhebula le-fiber-optic ngobude bepayipi elibhekwa. Ukuqothuka okubangelwa into eshiya ipayipi ngokuvuza kuguqula isibonakaliso soshayela we-laser, kubonisa ukuvuza. Indawo yaziwa ngokulinganisa ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi phakathi lapho i-laser ishayela ikhishwa khona nalapho kukhonjwe khona kukhombisa. Le ndlela ingahlanganiswa ne-Distributed Temperature Sensing indlela yokuhlinzeka ngephrofayili yokushisa yepayipi.