PP

I-polypropylene (PP), obeye aziwe njengo i-polypropene, i i-thermoplastic i-polymer esetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ezihlanganisa ukupakisha nokulebula, izindwangu (isb., izintambo, izingubo zangaphansi ezishisayo nokhaphethi), izinto zokubhala, izingxenye zepulasitiki neziqukathi ezisebenziseka kabusha zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, izinto zaselabhorethri, izikhulisa-zwi, izinto zezimoto, namaphepha emali epholimeri. I-polymer eyengeziwe eyenziwe nge-monomer propylene, iqinile futhi imelana ngokungavamile kuzincibilikisi zamakhemikhali eziningi, izisekelo nama-asidi.

Ngo-2013, imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-polypropylene yayilinganiselwa ku-55 million metric tons.

Amagama
Igama le-IUPAC: i-poly(propene)
Amanye amagama: Polypropylene; I-polypropene; I-Polipropene 25 [USAN]; I-propene polymers; i-propylene polymers; 1-Propene
Izikhombi
CAS Inombolo	9003-07-0
Izakhiwo
Chemical ifomula	(C3H6)n
Ubuningi	0.855 g / cm3, amorphous 0.946 g / cm3, ikristalu
Iphuzu lokuxuba	130 kuya ku-171 °C (266 kuya ku-340 °F; 403 kuya ku-444 K)
Ngaphandle kwalapho kubhalwe ngenye indlela, imininingwane inikezwa ngezinto zokwakha isimo esijwayelekile (ngo-25 ° C [77 ° F], 100 kPa).

Izici zamakhemikhali nezomzimba

I-Polypropylene inezici eziningi ezifana ne-polyethylene, ikakhulukazi ekuziphatheni kwesisombululo nasezintweni zikagesi. Iqembu le-methyl elikhona futhi lithuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokumelana nokushisa, kuyilapho ukumelana kwamakhemikhali kuncipha. Izakhiwo ze-polypropylene zincike esisindweni samangqamuzana nokusatshalaliswa kwesisindo samangqamuzana, icrystallinity, uhlobo nengxenye ye-comonomer (uma isetshenziswa) kanye neqhinga le-iso.

Izakhiwo zemizi

Ukuminyana kwe-PP kuphakathi kuka-0.895 no-0.92 g/cm³. Ngakho-ke, i-PP yiyona ipulasitiki yempahla ngobuningi obuphansi kakhulu. Ngobuningi obuphansi, izingxenye zokubumba ngesisindo esiphansi kanye nezingxenye ezengeziwe zenqwaba ethile yepulasitiki ingakhiqizwa. Ngokungafani ne-polyethylene, izifunda ze-crystalline ne-amorphous zihluka kancane ngobuningi bazo. Kodwa-ke, ukuminyana kwe-polyethylene kungashintsha kakhulu ngama-fillers.

Imoduli Yentsha ye-PP iphakathi kuka-1300 no-1800 N/mm².

I-polypropylene imvamisa iqinile futhi iyavumelana nezimo, ikakhulukazi uma ihlanganiswe ne-ethylene. Lokhu kuvumela i-polypropylene ukuthi isetshenziswe njenge- ipulasitiki yobunjiniyela, ukuncintisana nezinto ezifana ne-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS). I-Polypropylene iyonga ngokunengqondo.

I-Polypropylene inokumelana okuhle nokukhathala.

Izakhiwo ezishisayo

Iphoyinti lokuncibilika le-polypropylene lenzeka ebangeni, ngakho-ke indawo yokuncibilika inqunywa ngokuthola izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu leshadi le-calorierimetry lokuskena okuhlukile. I-PP ye-isotactic ngokuphelele inendawo yokuncibilika engu-171 °C (340 °F). I-PP ye-isotactic yezohwebo inephuzu lokuncibilika elisukela ku-160 kuye ku-166 °C (320 kuya ku-331 °F), kuye ngezinto ze-atactic nobucwebe. I-Syndiotactic PP enecrystallinity engu-30% inephuzu lokuncibilika elingu-130 °C (266 °F). Ngaphansi kuka-0 °C, i-PP iba ​​brittle.

Ukunwetshwa okushisayo kwe-polypropylene kukhulu kakhulu, kodwa kuncane kancane kunalokho kwe-polyethylene.

Izakhi ze-Chemical

I-Polypropylene isezingeni lokushisa elijwayelekile ukumelana namafutha futhi cishe nawo wonke ama-organic solvents, ngaphandle kwama-oxidants aqinile. I-non-oxidizing acid nezisekelo zingagcinwa ezitsheni ezenziwe nge-PP. Emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, i-PP ingaxazululwa ngezincibilikisi ezine-polarity ephansi (isb. i-xylene, i-tetralin ne-decalin). Ngenxa ye-tertiary carbon athomu i-PP ayizweli ngamakhemikhali kune-PE (bheka umthetho we-Markovnikov).

Iningi le-polypropylene yokuhweba i-isotactic futhi inezinga eliphakathi lecrystallinity phakathi kwaleyo ye i-polyethylene ephansi (LDPE) kanye polyethylene ephezulu (HDPE). I-Isotactic & Atactic polypropylene inyibilika ku-P-xylene ngo-140 degree centigrade. I-Isotactic precipitates lapho isixazululo sipholile sibe ngu-25 degree centigrade & ingxenye ye-atactic ihlala inyibilika ku-P-xylene.

I-Melt flow rate (MFR) noma inkomba yokugeleza kwe-Melt (MFI) isilinganiso sesisindo samangqamuzana e-polypropylene. Isilinganiso sisiza ukunquma ukuthi impahla eluhlaza encibilikisiwe izogeleza kanjani ngesikhathi sokucubungula. I-Polypropylene ene-MFR ephakeme izogcwalisa isikhunta sepulasitiki kalula ngesikhathi somjovo noma inqubo yokukhiqiza yokuvuthela. Njengoba ukuncibilika kukhuphuka, nokho, ezinye izici zomzimba, njengamandla omthelela, zizokwehla. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezijwayelekile ze-polypropylene: i-homopolymer, i-copolymer engahleliwe, ne-block copolymer. I-comonomer ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ne-ethylene. Irabha ye-ethylene-propylene noma i-EPDM engezwe ku-polypropylene homopolymer ikhuphula amandla ayo okubamba ukushisa okuphansi. I-ethylene monomer eyenziwe nge-polymerized engezwe ku-polypropylene homopolymer yehlisa icrystallinity ye-polymer, yehlisa indawo yokuncibilika futhi yenza i-polymer ibonakale kakhudlwana.

Ukuqothuka

I-Polypropylene inesibopho sokuwohloka kweketanga kusukela ekuchayekeni ekushiseni nasemisebeni ye-UV njengaleyo ekhona emisebeni yelanga. I-oxidation ngokuvamile ivela ku-athomu yekhabhoni ephakeme ekhona kuwo wonke amayunithi aphindayo. I-radical yamahhala iyakhiwa lapha, bese isabela ngokuqhubekayo nomoya-mpilo, kulandelwa ukukloloda kweketango ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-aldehydes nama-carboxylic acid. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle, kubonakala njengenethiwekhi yokuqhekeka okuhle nokuhlanya okuba kujule futhi kube nzima kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuchayeka. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle, izithasiselo ezimunca i-UV kumele zisetshenziswe. I-Carbon black iphinde inikeze isivikelo esithile ekuhlaselweni kwe-UV. I-polymer ingabuye ifakwe i-oxidized emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, inkinga evamile ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokubumba. Ama-Anti-oxidants ngokuvamile ayengezwa ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kwe-polymer. Imiphakathi ye-microbial ehlukanisiwe namasampula enhlabathi exutshwe nesitashi kukhonjiswe ukuthi iyakwazi ukwehlisa isithunzi se-polypropylene. I-Polypropylene kubikwe ukuthi yehlisa isithunzi ngenkathi isemzimbeni womuntu njengamadivaysi anemebhu afakelwayo. Izinto ezicekelwe phansi zakha ungqimba olufana namagxolo esihlahla endaweni yezintambo ezinezikhala.

izakhiwo optical

I-PP ingenziwa ikhanye uma ingafakwanga umbala kodwa ayenzi obala kalula njenge-polystyrene, i-acrylic, noma amanye amapulasitiki. Imvamisa i-opaque noma inemibala isebenzisa izingulube.

Umlando

Osokhemisi bakwa-Phillips Petroleum u-J. Paul Hogan no-Robert L. Banks baqala ukwenza i-polymerized propylene ngo-1951. ukukala ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano kwe-isotactic polypropylene yinkampani yase-Italy i-Montecatini kusukela ngo-1954 kuye phambili. I-polypropylene ye-Syndiotactic nayo yaqala ukwenziwa ngu-Natta nozakwabo.

I-Polypropylene iyipulasitiki yesibili ebaluleke kakhulu enemali engenayo okulindeleke ukuthi idlule i-US $ 145 billion ngo-2019. Ukuthengiswa kwalesi sici kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule ngesilinganiso se-5.8% ngonyaka kuze kube ngu-2021.

Synthesis

Umqondo obalulekile ekuqondeni isixhumanisi phakathi kwesakhiwo se-polypropylene kanye nezakhiwo zayo yi-tacticity. Ukuma okuhlobene kweqembu ngalinye le-methyl (CH
3 esithombeni) uma kuqhathaniswa namaqembu e-methyl kumayunithi angomakhelwane be-monomer kunomthelela onamandla ekhonweni le-polymer ukwenza amakristalu.

I-Ziegler-Natta catalyst iyakwazi ukukhawulela ukuxhunyaniswa kwama-monomer molecules ku-orientation ethize evamile, noma i-isotactic, lapho wonke amaqembu e-methyl ebekwe ohlangothini olulodwa ngokuphathelene nomgogodla we-polymer chain, noma i-sydiotactic, lapho izikhundla ze amaqembu e-methyl ashintshana. I-isotactic polypropylene etholakala ngokwentengiso yenziwa ngezinhlobo ezimbili zama-Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Iqembu lokuqala lama-catalysts lihlanganisa ama-catalyst aqinile (asekelwa kakhulu) kanye nezinhlobo ezithile zama-metallocene catalysts ancibilikayo. Ama-macromolecule anjalo e-isotactic ayathandela abe yi-helical shape; lezi zindiza ezinophephela emhlane zilandelana ukuze zenze amakristalu anikeza i-isotactic polypropylene yezohwebo eziningi zezinto zayo ezifiselekayo.

Olunye uhlobo lwe-metallocene catalysts lukhiqiza i-sydiotactic polypropylene. Lawa ma-macromolecules aphinde agoqe abe ama-helices (ohlobo oluhlukile) futhi akhe izinto ezicwebezelayo.

Lapho amaqembu e-methyl kuchungechunge lwe-polypropylene engabonisi ukuma okuthandwayo, ama-polymers abizwa ngokuthi i-atactic. I-Atactic polypropylene iyi-amorphous rubbery material. Ingakhiqizwa ngokwentengiso ngohlobo olukhethekile lwe-Ziegler-Natta catalyst esekelwayo noma ngama-catalyst athile e-metallocene.

Ama-catalysts esimanje ase-Ziegler-Natta athuthukiswe ukwenza i-polymerization ye-propylene namanye ama-alkene angu-1 kuma-isotactic polymers avame ukusetshenziswa. I-TiCl
4 njengesithako esisebenzayo futhi MgCl
2 njengokusekela. Ama-catalyst futhi aqukethe izilungisi ze-organic, kungaba ama-ester e-asidi enamakha nama-diester noma ama-ether. Lawa ma-catalysts acushwa ngama-cocatalyst akhethekile aqukethe i-organoaluminium compound efana ne-Al(C).₂H₅)₃ kanye nohlobo lwesibili lwesilungisi. Ama-catalyst ahlukaniswa ngokuya ngenqubo esetshenziselwa ukwenza izinhlayiya ze-catalyst zemfashini ezivela ku-MgCl.₂ futhi kuye ngohlobo lwezishintshi zemvelo ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwe-catalyst kanye nokusetshenziswa kokusabela kwe-polymerization. Izici ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu zobuchwepheshe zawo wonke ama-catalyst asekelwe ukukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye nengxenye ephezulu ye-crystalline isotactic polymer abayikhiqizayo ku-70-80 ° C ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile ze-polymerization. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezohwebo kwe-isotactic polypropylene kuvame ukwenziwa phakathi kwe-liquid propylene noma kuma-reactors esigaba segesi.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezohwebo kwe-sydiotactic polypropylene kwenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kwekilasi elikhethekile lama-catalysts e-metallocene. Basebenzisa i-bis-metallocene complexes ehlanganisiwe yohlobo lwebhuloho-(Cp₁) (Cp₂)ZrCl₂ lapho i-Cp ligand yokuqala iyiqembu le-cyclopentadienyl, i-Cp ligand yesibili iyiqembu le-fluorenyl, futhi ibhuloho phakathi kwama-Cp ligand amabili -CH₂-CH₂-, >SiMe₂, noma >SiPh₂. Lezi zakhiwo ziguqulelwa ku-polymerization catalysts ngokuzivula nge-organoaluminium cocatalyst ekhethekile, i-methylaluminoxane (MAO).

Izinqubo zezimboni

Ngokwesiko, izinqubo ezintathu zokukhiqiza ziyizindlela ezimele kakhulu zokukhiqiza i-polypropylene.

I-Hydrocarbon slurry noma ukumiswa: Isebenzisa uketshezi lwe-inert hydrocarbon diluent ku-reactor ukuze kube lula ukudluliswa kwe-propylene kuya ku-catalyst, ukususwa kokushisa ohlelweni, ukuvala/ukususwa kwe-catalyst kanye nokuncibilikisa i-atactic polymer. Ibanga lamabanga angakhiqizwa belilinganiselwe kakhulu. (Ubuchwepheshe buphelelwe amandla).

Inqwaba (noma i-slurry ngobuningi): Isebenzisa i-propylene enguketshezi esikhundleni se-liquid hydrocarbon diluent. I-polymer ayincibiliki ibe yi-diluent, kodwa kunalokho igibela ku-propylene ewuketshezi. I-polymer eyakhiwe iyahoxiswa futhi noma iyiphi i-monomer engaphenduliwe iyacinywa.

Isigaba segesi: Isebenzisa i-gaseous propylene lapho ithintana ne-catalyst eqinile, okuholela endaweni enombhede omanzi.

Ukukhiqiza

Inqubo yokuncibilika kwe-polypropylene ingafinyelelwa nge-extrusion kanye ukubumba. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokukhipha i-extrusion zihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwemicu encibilikayo ne-spun-bond ukuze kwakheke amaroli amade okuguqulwa okuzayo abe yimikhiqizo eminingi ewusizo, efana namamaski obuso, izihlungi, amanabukeni nezinto zokusula.

Indlela ejwayelekile yokubunjwa yile umjovo wokubumba, esetshenziselwa izingxenye ezinjengezinkomishi, izinto zokusika, izitsha, amakepisi, izitsha, izinto zasendlini, nezingxenye zezimoto ezifana namabhethri. Amasu ahlobene we shaya ukwakha futhi umjovo-welula igalelo igalelo nazo zisetshenziswa, okubandakanya kokubili i-extrusion nokubunjwa.

Inani elikhulu lezicelo zokusetshenziswa kokuphela kwe-polypropylene zivame ukuba nokwenzeka ngenxa yekhono lokuhlanganisa amamaki ngezakhiwo ezithile zamangqamuzana nezithasiselo ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwayo. Isibonelo, izithasiselo ze-antistatic zingangezwa ukusiza izindawo ze-polypropylene ukumelana nothuli nokungcola. Izindlela eziningi zokuqeda ngokomzimba nazo zingasetshenziswa ku-polypropylene, njengokwenza imishini. Ukwelashwa okungaphezulu kungasetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ze-polypropylene ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunamathela koyinki wokuphrinta nopende.

I-Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP)

Lapho ifilimu ye-polypropylene ikhishwa futhi yelulelwa kukho kokubili isiqondiso somshini nakuyo yonke indlela yomshini ibizwa ngokuthi i-polypropylene eyenziwe nge-biaxially. I-Biaxial orientation ikhulisa amandla nokucaca. I-BOPP isetshenziswa kabanzi njengempahla yokupakisha yemikhiqizo yokupakisha efana nokudla okulula, umkhiqizo omusha kanye ne-confectionery. Kulula ukugqoka, ukuphrinta kanye ne-laminate ukunikeza ukubukeka okudingekayo kanye nezakhiwo ukuze zisetshenziswe njengempahla yokupakisha. Le nqubo ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi ukuguqula. Ivamise ukukhiqizwa ngemiqulu emikhulu enqunywa emishinini yokuhlinza ibe imiqulu emincane ukuze isetshenziswe emishinini yokupakisha.

Izitayela zentuthuko

Ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokusebenza okudingekayo kwikhwalithi ye-polypropylene eminyakeni yamuva, imibono ehlukahlukene kanye nezidakamizwa zihlanganiswe nenqubo yokukhiqiza i-polypropylene.

Cishe kunezikhombisi-ndlela ezimbili zezindlela ezithile. Enye iwukuba ngcono kokufana kwezinhlayiya ze-polymer ezikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-reactor yohlobo lokujikeleza, kanti enye iwukuba ngcono kokufana phakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-polymer ezikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-reactor enokusabalalisa isikhathi esincane sokugcinwa.

Izicelo

Njengoba i-polypropylene imelana nokukhathala, amahinge amaningi epulasitiki aphilayo, njengalawo aku-flip-top bottles, enziwa ngale nto. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-molecule eketango aqondiswe ngaphesheya kwehinge ukuze kwandiswe amandla.

Amashidi azacile kakhulu (~2–20 µm) e-polypropylene asetshenziswa njenge-dielectric ngaphakathi kwe-pulse esebenza kakhulu kanye nama-capacitor e-RF alahlekelwa kancane.

I-polypropylene isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza amapayipi; zombili eziphathelene nokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kanye nalezo eziklanyelwe amandla nokuqina (isb. lezo ezihloselwe ukusetshenziswa kumapayipi okuphuzwa, ukushisisa nokupholisa nge-hydronic, kanye namanzi abuyiselwe). Le nto ivame ukukhethwa ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala kanye nokucwiliswa kwamakhemikhali, ukumelana kwayo nezinhlobo eziningi zokulimala komzimba, okuhlanganisa umthelela nokubanda, izinzuzo zayo zemvelo, kanye nekhono layo lokuhlanganiswa ngokuhlanganisa ukushisa kunokunamatheliswa.

Izinto eziningi zepulasitiki zokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha noma zaselabhorethri zingenziwa nge-polypropylene ngoba ingakwazi ukumelana nokushisa ku-autoclave. Ukumelana nokushisa kwayo kuyenza ikwazi ukusetshenziswa njengempahla yokukhiqiza yamaketela asezingeni lomthengi. Iziqukathi zokudla ezenziwe kuwo ngeke zincibilike kumshini wokuwasha izitsha, futhi azincibiliki ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokugcwalisa okushisayo kwezimboni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amashubhu amaningi epulasitiki emikhiqizo yobisi ayi-polypropylene evalwe nge-aluminium foil (zombili izinto ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa). Ngemva kokuba umkhiqizo usupholile, amabhavu avame ukunikezwa izivalo ezenziwe ngezinto ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa, njenge-LDPE noma i-polystyrene. Iziqukathi ezinjalo zinikeza isibonelo esihle sezandla phezu komehluko ku-modulus, njengoba umuzwa werabha (othambile, oguquguqukayo) we-LDPE ngokuphathelene ne-polypropylene yogqinsi olufanayo ubonakala kalula. Iziqukathi zepulasitiki ezimangelengele, ezicwebezelayo, ezisebenziseka kabusha ezenziwe ngezinhlobonhlobo zomumo nosayizi kubathengi abavela ezinkampanini ezahlukahlukene ezifana ne-Rubbermaid ne-Sterilite zivame ukwakhiwa nge-polypropylene, nakuba izivalo zivame ukwakhiwa nge-LDPE eguquguquka kakhudlwana ukuze zikwazi ukungena isitsha sokuvala. I-Polypropylene ingenziwa futhi ibe amabhodlela alahlwayo ukuze aqukathe uketshezi, impuphu, noma imikhiqizo efanayo yabathengi, nakuba i-HDPE ne-polyethylene terephthalate zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amabhodlela. Amapheya epulasitiki, amabhethri emoto, obhasikidi bemfucuza, amabhodlela kadokotela ekhemisi, izitsha ezipholile, izitsha nezimbiza ngokuvamile zenziwe nge-polypropylene noma i-HDPE, kokubili okuvame ukubukeka ngendlela efanayo, umuzwa, kanye nezakhiwo ezingeni lokushisa elizungezile.

Isicelo esijwayelekile se-polypropylene sinjenge-biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP). Lawa mashidi e-BOPP asetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa izikhwama ezicacile. Uma i-polypropylene i-biaxially oriented, iba sobala futhi isebenze njengempahla yokupakisha enhle kakhulu yemikhiqizo yobuciko neyokuthengisa.

I-Polypropylene, i-colorfast kakhulu, isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okhaphethi, omata kanye nomata okumele basetshenziswe ekhaya.

I-Polypropylene isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintanjeni, ezihlukile ngoba zilula ngokwanele ukuntanta emanzini. Ngobunzima obulinganayo nokwakhiwa, intambo ye-polypropylene ifana ngamandla nentambo ye-polyester. I-polypropylene ibiza kancane kuneminye imicu yokwenziwa.

I-Polypropylene iphinde isetshenziswe njengenye indlela ye-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) njenge-insulation yezintambo zikagesi zekhebula le-LSZH ezindaweni ezinomoya ophansi, ikakhulukazi imigudu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ikhipha intuthu encane futhi awekho ama-halogen anobuthi, angaholela ekukhiqizweni kwe-asidi ezimeni ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

I-Polypropylene iphinde isetshenziswe kuma-membrane ophahla njengongqimba olungaphezulu lokuvikela amanzi lwezinhlelo ze-single-ply ngokumelene nezinhlelo ze-modified-bit.

I-Polypropylene ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukubumba ipulasitiki, lapho ijova khona isikhunta ngenkathi incibilikile, yakha izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngezindleko eziphansi kanye nevolumu ephezulu; izibonelo zihlanganisa iziqongo zamabhodlela, amabhodlela, nezinto ezifakwayo.

Ingabuye ikhiqizwe ngefomu leshidi, isetshenziswe kabanzi ukukhiqizwa kwamafolda okubhala, okupakisha, namabhokisi okugcina. Ububanzi bemibala ebanzi, ukuqina, izindleko eziphansi, nokumelana nokungcola kuyenza ifaneleke njengesembozo sokuvikela amaphepha nezinye izinto. Isetshenziswa ku-Rubik's Cube stickers ngenxa yalezi zici.

Ukutholakala kweshidi le-polypropylene kunikeze ithuba lokusetshenziswa kwezinto ngabaklami. Ipulasitiki enesisindo esilula, ehlala isikhathi eside, futhi enemibalabala yenza indawo ekahle yokwakha ama-shades alula, futhi imiklamo eminingana iye yathuthukiswa kusetshenziswa izigaba ezixhumene ukuze kwakhiwe imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi.

Amashidi e-polypropylene ayinketho ethandwayo yabaqoqi bamakhadi okuhweba; lezi zifika namaphakethe (ayisishiyagalolunye amakhadi anosayizi ojwayelekile) ukuze amakhadi afakwe futhi asetshenziselwa ukuvikela isimo sawo futhi enzelwe ukugcinwa ku-binder.

I-polypropylene eyandisiwe (EPP) iwuhlobo lwegwebu lwe-polypropylene. I-EPP inezici zomthelela ezinhle kakhulu ngenxa yokuqina kwayo okuphansi; lokhu kuvumela i-EPP ukuthi iqalise kabusha umumo wayo ngemva kwemithelela. I-EPP isetshenziswa kakhulu ezindizeni eziyimodeli nakwezinye izimoto ezilawulwa ngomsakazo ngabathanda ukuzilibazisa. Lokhu kungenxa yekhono layo lokumunca imithelela, okwenza lokhu kube ukwaziswa okufanelekile kwezindiza ze-RC zabaqalayo nezimfundamakhwela.

I-Polypropylene isetshenziswa ekwenzeni amayunithi okushayela izikhulisazwi. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwaqalwa ngonjiniyela be-BBC kanye namalungelo obunikazi athengwa kamuva ngabakwa-Mission Electronics ukuze bawasebenzise ku-Mission Freedom Loudspeaker yabo kanye nesipika se-Mission 737 Renaissance.

Imicu ye-polypropylene isetshenziswa njengesengezo sikakhonkolo ukukhulisa amandla nokunciphisa ukuqhekeka nokuqhekeka. Ezindaweni ezithintekayo ukuzamazama komhlaba, okungukuthi, i-California, i-PP fibers yengezwa nenhlabathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla enhlabathi kanye nokumanzisa lapho kwakhiwa isisekelo sezakhiwo ezifana nezakhiwo, amabhuloho, njll.

I-polypropylene isetshenziswa ezigubhu ze-polypropylene.

Clothing

I-Polypropylene iyi-polymer enkulu esetshenziswa kuma-nonwovens, ngaphezu kuka-50% esetshenziselwa ama-diaper noma imikhiqizo ye-sanitary lapho isetshenziselwa ukumunca amanzi (i-hydrophilic) kunokuba ixoshe ngokwemvelo amanzi (i-hydrophobic). Okunye okuthokozisayo ukusetshenziswa okungalukwanga kufaka phakathi izihlungi zomoya, igesi, kanye noketshezi lapho imicu ingakhiwa ibe amashidi noma amawebu angakwazi ukunxeshezelwa ukuze akhe amakhathriji noma izendlalelo ezihluza ngendlela ephumelelayo ehlukahlukene ebangeni le-micrometer engu-0.5 kuya ku-30. Izicelo ezinjalo zenzeka ezindlini njengezihlungi zamanzi noma izihlungi zohlobo lwe-air-conditioning. Indawo ephezulu kanye nama-oleophilic polypropylene nonwovens ngokwemvelo ayindlela ekahle yokumunca ukuchitheka kukawoyela ngezithiyo ezintantayo ezijwayelekile eduze nokuchitheka kukawoyela emifuleni.

I-polypropylene, noma i-'polypro', isetshenziselwe ukwakha izendlalelo zesisekelo sezulu esibandayo, njengamahembe anemikhono emide noma izingubo zangaphansi ezinde. I-Polypropylene iphinde isetshenziswe engutsheni yesimo sezulu esifudumele, lapho ithutha khona umjuluko esikhumbeni. Muva nje, i-polyester ithathe indawo ye-polypropylene kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza kwezempi yase-US, njengase- ECWCS. Nakuba izingubo ze-polypropylene zingashi kalula, zingancibilika, okungase kubangele ukusha okukhulu uma ozigqokile ehileleka ekuqhumeni noma emlilweni wanoma yiluphi uhlobo. Izingubo zangaphansi ze-polypropylene zaziwa ngokugcina iphunga lomzimba okunzima ukulisusa. Isizukulwane samanje se-polyester asinakho lokhu kungalungile.

Abanye abaklami bemfashini baye bashintsha i-polypropylene ukuze bakhe ubucwebe nezinye izinto ezigqokwayo.

Medical

Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezokwelapha okuvame kakhulu ku-prolene yokwenziwa, engamubiki.

I-Polypropylene isetshenziswe emisebenzini yokulungisa i-hernia kanye ne-pelvic organ prolapse ukuvikela umzimba kuma-hernia amasha endaweni efanayo. Isiqephu esincane sezinto ezibonakalayo sibekwe phezu kwendawo ye-hernia, ngaphansi kwesikhumba, futhi asibuhlungu futhi akuvamile, uma kwenzeka, ukwenqatshwa ngumzimba. Kodwa-ke, i-polypropylene mesh izoguguleka izicubu ezizungezile phakathi nenkathi engaqinisekile ukusuka ezinsukwini kuye eminyakeni. Ngakho-ke, i-FDA ikhiphe izexwayiso ezimbalwa mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-polypropylene mesh kits yezokwelapha kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza e-pelvic organ prolapse, ikakhulukazi uma yethulwa eduze nodonga lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane ngenxa yokwanda okuqhubekayo kwenani lokuguguleka kwezicubu eziqhutshwa anezikhala ezibikwe iziguli. eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Muva nje, ngomhla zi-3 kuJanuwari 2012, i-FDA yayala abakhiqizi abangama-35 bale mikhiqizo ye-mesh ukuthi bafunde imiphumela emibi yale mishini.

Ekuqaleni kubhekwa njenge-inert, i-polypropylene itholakale ilulaza ngenkathi isemzimbeni. Izinto ezicekelwe phansi zakha igobolondo elifana negxolo entanjeni ye-mesh futhi ijwayele ukuqhekeka.

Imodeli yendiza ye-EPP

Kusukela ngo-2001, amagwebu e-polypropylene (EPP) anwetshiwe abelokhu ethandwa futhi asetshenziswa njengesakhiwo sendiza yemodeli yokulawula umsakazo we-hobbyist. Ngokungafani negwebu le-polystyrene elinwetshiwe (i-EPS) elinwebekayo futhi eliphuka kalula uma linomthelela, igwebu le-EPP liyakwazi ukumunca imithelela ye-kinetic kahle ngaphandle kokuphuka, ligcine isimo salo sangempela, futhi libonise izici zefomu lenkumbulo elivumela ukuthi libuyele esimweni salo sasekuqaleni isikhathi esincane. Ngenxa yalokho, imodeli yokulawula umsakazo amaphiko ayo kanye ne-fuselage okwakhiwa ngegwebu le-EPP ikwazi ukuqina ngokwedlulele, futhi iyakwazi ukumunca imithelela engaholela ekubhujisweni okuphelele kwamamodeli enziwe ngezinto zendabuko ezilula, njenge-balsa noma amagwebu e-EPS. Amamodeli e-EPP, lapho embozwe ngamateyipu azinamathisela e-fiberglass ashibhile, ngokuvamile abonisa amandla athuthukile emishini, ngokuhambisana nokukhanya nokuqedwa okungaphezulu okuncintisana nalawo amamodeli ezinhlobo ezishiwo ngenhla. I-EPP futhi ayisebenzi ngamakhemikhali kakhulu, ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zokunamathiswa okuhlukile. I-EPP ingabunjwa ukushisa, futhi izindawo ezingaphezulu zingaqedwa kalula ngokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okusika namaphepha abrasive. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokwenza imodeli lapho i-EPP ithole khona ukwamukelwa okuhle yizinkambu:

• Ama-slope akhuphukayo aqhutshwa umoya
• Amamodeli kagesi ephrofayili yasendlini yasendlini
• Amaglider enzelwe izingane ezincane ngesandla

Emkhakheni wokukhuphuka komthambeka, i-EPP ithole umusa nokusetshenziswa okukhulu, njengoba ivumela ukwakhiwa kwamamodeli andizayo alawulwa umsakazo anamandla amakhulu nokuhamba kahle. Ngenxa yalokho, imikhakha yempi yemithambeka (inqubo esebenzayo yeziqhudelana ezinobungani ezizama ukukhipha izindiza zomunye nomunye emoyeni ngokuthintana ngqo) kanye nomjaho we-slope pylon sekuyinsakavukela, ngenxa yomphumela oqondile wezici zamandla ze-EPP.

Ukwakha okwakha

Ngenkathi isonto elikhulu laseTenerife, iLa Laguna Cathedral, lilungiswa ngo-2002-2014, kwavela ukuthi ama-vaults kanye nedome kwakusesimweni esibi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lezi zingxenye zesakhiwo zadilizwa, futhi zathathelwa indawo ukwakhiwa kwe-polypropylene. Lokhu kubikwe njengokuqala ngqa ukuthi le nto isetshenziswe kulesi sikali ezakhiweni.

kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile

I-Polypropylene iyakwazi ukuphinda isetshenziswe futhi inenombolo "5" njengeyayo khombisa ikhodi.

Ukulungisa

Izinto eziningi zenziwe nge-polypropylene ngokuqondile ngoba iyakwazi ukumelana nezincibilikizi namaglue amaningi. Futhi, kukhona ama-glues ambalwa kakhulu atholakalayo ngokuqondile i-gluing PP. Kodwa-ke, izinto ze-PP eziqinile ezingekho ngaphansi kokuguquguquka okungadingekile zingahlanganiswa ngokugculisayo nezingxenye ezimbili zeglue ye-epoxy noma kusetshenziswa izibhamu zeglue ezishisayo. Ukulungiselela kubalulekile futhi kuvame ukusiza ukwenza indawo engaphezulu ibe roughen ngefayela, iphepha le-emery noma enye into e-abrasive ukunikeza i-anchorage engcono yeglue. Futhi kunconywa ukuhlanza ngemimoya yamaminerali noma utshwala obufanayo ngaphambi kokunamathisela ukuze kukhishwe noma yikuphi uwoyela noma okunye ukungcola. Okunye ukuhlola kungase kudingeke. Kukhona futhi amaglue ezimboni atholakalayo ku-PP, kodwa lokhu kungaba nzima ukukuthola, ikakhulukazi esitolo sokudayisa.

I-PP ingancibilika kusetshenziswa indlela yokushisela isivinini. Ngokushisela isivinini, i-plastic welder, efana ne-soldering iron ngokubukeka kanye ne-wattage, ifakwe ishubhu lokuphakelayo lenduku ye-plastic weld. Ithiphu yesivinini ishisa induku kanye ne-substrate, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo icindezela induku yokushisela encibilikisiwe endaweni. Ubuhlalu bepulasitiki ethambile bubekwa endaweni ehlanganyelwe, futhi izingxenye kanye ne-weld rod fuse. Nge-polypropylene, induku yokushisela encibilikisiwe kufanele "ixutshwe" ne-semi-melted base material eyakhiwe noma elungiswayo. Ithiphu yesivinini "isibhamu" empeleni siyinsimbi ehlanganisiwe enethiphu ebanzi, eyisicaba engasetshenziswa ukuncibilikisa i-weld joint kanye nezinto zokugcwalisa ukuze kwakhiwe ibhondi.

Izinkinga zempilo

I-Environmental Working Group ihlukanisa i-PP njengengozi ephansi kuya kwemaphakathi. I-PP idayiwe, awekho amanzi asetshenziswayo ekudayeni kwayo, ngokungafani nokotini.

Ngo-2008, abacwaningi baseCanada bagomela ngokuthi ama-quaternary ammonium biocides kanye ne-oleamide ayephuma kwelebhu ye-polypropylene, okuthinta imiphumela yokuhlolwa. Njengoba i-polypropylene isetshenziswa ezitsheni eziningi zokudla njengalezo ze-yogurt, umkhulumeli wezindaba we-Health Canada uPaul Duchesne uthe umnyango uzobuyekeza lokho okutholakele ukuze ubone ukuthi ziyadingeka yini izinyathelo zokuvikela abathengi.