I-GOST

by / NgoLwesihlanu, i-25 March 2016 / Ishicilelwe ku Izindinganiso zomshini

I-GOST (IsiRussia: GOST) kubhekiswa kusethi yamazinga obuchwepheshe agcinwe yi- Umkhandlu wase-Euro-Asia wokumisa, Metrology kanye Nesitifiketi (i-EASC), inhlangano yamazinga wesifunda esebenza ngaphansi kwe-auspices ye I-Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

Zonke izinhlobo zamazinga alawulwayo afakiwe, nezibonelo ezisukela emithethweni yokushaywa kwemibhalo yokuqamba kuya ekuphekeni kanye namaqiniso wokudla okunempilo kwamagama omkhiqizo waseSoviet (manje aseseyinto ejwayelekile, kepha angathengiswa kuphela ngaphansi kwelebuli uma kulandelwa izinga lobuchwepheshe, noma aqanjwe kabusha uma ziguqulwa).

Umqondo we-GOST unokubaluleka okuthile nokuqashelwa emazweni weziphathimandla zamazinga. I-ejensi kahulumeni waseRussia i-Rosstandart inayo gost.ru njengoba ikheli lewebhusayithi.

Umlando

Ikhasi elingaphezulu kwesilinganiso se-Soviet-era GOST ejwayelekile (ukushisa kwe-arc emoyeni ovikelayo)

Izindinganiso ze-GOST zaqalwa nguhulumeni waseSoviet Union njengengxenye yesu lokumisa izwe lonke. Igama GOST (Russian: GOST) isichazamazwi gomthokozisi sti-andart (IsiRussia:thсударственный stkanye), okusho ukuthi stwadla stAndard.

Umlando wamazinga kazwelonke e-USSR ungaqalwa emuva ngo-1925, lapho kusungulwa isikhungo sikahulumeni, kamuva sabizwa ngokuthi uGosstandart futhi sabekwa phansi sokubhala, ukubuyekeza, ukushicilela kanye nokusabalalisa lezo zindinganiso. Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, uhlelo lokumiswa kwezwe lonke lwashintsha olukhulu kakhulu. Izinga lokuqala le-GOST, GOST 1 Isistimu Yokumiswa Kwezwe, Yanyatheliswa ngo 1968.

Okwamanje

Ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa kwe-USSR, amazinga we-GOST athola isimo esisha se izindinganiso zesifunda. Manje ziphathwa ngabakwa- Umkhandlu wase-Euro-Asia wokumisa, Metrology kanye Nesitifiketi (i-EASC), inhlangano yamazinga ehlelwe yiCommonwealth of Independent States.

Njengamanje, ukuqoqwa kwezindinganiso ze-GOST kufaka phakathi izihloko ezingaphezu kuka-20,000 ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emisebenzini yokuhlola ukulingana emazweni we-12. Kusebenza njengesisekelo sokulawula kwezinhlelo zokugunyazwa kwezitifiketi zikahulumeni nezizimele kuyo yonke i-Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), amazinga we-GOST amboza amandla, i-oyili negesi, ukuvikela imvelo, ukwakhiwa, ukuthutha, ukuxhumana ngocingo, izimayini, ukucubungula ukudla nezinye izimboni .

Amazwe alandelayo amukele zonke noma ezinye zezindinganiso ze-GOST ngaphezu kwezazo, amazinga athuthukile kuzwelonke: iRussia, iBelarus, iMoldova, iKazakhstan, i-Azerbaijan, i-Armenia, neKyrgyzstan, ne-Uzbekistan, neTajikistan, neGeorgia, neTurkmenistan.

Ngoba izindinganiso ze-GOST zamukelwa yiRussia, okuyilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke futhi elinomthelela omkhulu kwi-CIS, kungumbono ongajwayelekile ukucabanga ngamazinga we-GOST njengamazinga kazwelonke waseRussia. Abekho. Kusukela I-EASC, inhlangano ebhekele ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokunakekelwa kwamazinga we-GOST, yaziwa yi ISO njengenhlangano yamazinga wesifunda, amazinga we-GOST ahlukaniswa njengamazinga wesifunda. Izindinganiso zezwe laseRussia yilezi GOLA R amazinga.

I-Ukraine isongele izindinganiso zayo ze-GOST (DSTU) ngoZibandlela wezi-2015.

Izilinganiso ezi-GOST nokucaciswa kwezobuchwepheshe

Isifinyezo GOST (rus) (SUST) (eng) simelele Izinga Lombuso. Kwigama laso sifunda ukuthi iningi lamazinga we-GOST we Russian Federation avela esikhathini seSoviet Union. Ukudalwa kanye nokunyuswa kwamazinga e-Union kwaqala ngonyaka we-1918 ngemuva kokwethulwa kwezinhlelo zomhlaba wonke zezisindo nezinyathelo.

Isigungu sokuqala sokumiswa kwezimo zokwakha samiswa nguMkhandlu Wezabasebenzi Nezokuvikela ngonyaka we-1925 futhi saqanjwa ngokuthi yiKomidi Lokumelela. Inhloso yawo eyinhloko bekuwukuthuthukiswa nokwazisa kwamazinga we-OST amayunithi. Izindinganiso zokuqala ze-OST zinikeze izidingo zensimbi kanye nezinsimbi ezikhohlisayo, izinhlobo ezikhethiwe zikakolweni, kanye nenani lezimpahla zabathengi.

Kuze kube yi-1940 AmaNarcomats (Amakhomishini Abantu) ayewavumile amazinga. Kepha ngalowo nyaka kwasungulwa iKomidi Lokumiswa Kwezinyunyana futhi ukuhlelwa kabusha kwaqondiswa kabusha ekudalweni kwamazinga e-OST.

Ngo-1968 uhlelo lwesimo sokumiswa kwezwe (SSS) njengolokuqala kwezomkhuba womhlaba. Kubandakanye ukudalwa nokuthuthukiswa kwalezi zindinganiso ezilandelayo:

  • I-GOST - Izinga Lombuso leSoviet Union;
  • I-RST- standard yaseRiphabhulikhi;
  • I-IST - Izimboni Ezijwayelekile;
  • STE - Izinga lebhizinisi.

Izinga lokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nesidingo sokuthuthuka kanye nokwethulwa kwezinhlelo zokubalwa kolwazi nezinye izinto eziningi kuholela ekwakheni izakhiwo zamazinga kanye nezinqubo eziningi ezijwayelekile zobuchwepheshe. Baqanjwa ngokuthi yizindinganiso zezimboni phakathi kwezimboni. Ngaphakathi kohlelo olujwayelekile lombuso banezikhombo zabo futhi i-SSS inenkomba 1. Namuhla kulezi zinhlelo ezijwayelekile (amazinga we-GOST) avumelekile:

  • I-USCD - Uhlelo Olungafani Lombhalo Wokuqanjwa (inkomba 2);
  • I-USTD - Uhlelo Olungafani Lwama-Technological Documentation (3);
  • I-SIBD - Uhlelo lweLwazi-Bibliographical Imibhalo (7);
  • I-SSM - Uhlelo Lombuso Lokuhlinzeka Ukufana Kokulinganisa (8);
  • I-SSLS - Uhlelo lwamaZinga okuphepha kwabaSebenzi (12);
  • I-USPD - Uhlelo Olungafani Lwamaphepha Ohlelo (19);
  • I-SSERTE - Isistimu Yamazinga we-Ergonomic Izidingo kanye ne-technical Esthetic (29).

Izinhlelo ze-USCD neze-USTD zenzeka ngokukhethekile phakathi kwezinye izinhlelo zezimboni. Ziyahlangana futhi zakha izidingo zemibhalo ejwayelekile yezobuchwepheshe kuyo yonke imboni yezomnotho.

Umsebenzi wokuvumelanisa izindinganiso zaseRussia kanye namazinga we-GOST wabekwa ngo-1990 nguMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe BaseSoviet ekuqaleni kokuhamba uye emakethe yezomnotho. Ngaleso sikhathi bakha inkomba yokuthi ukulalela amazinga we-GOST kungaba yisibopho noma kunconywe. Izidingo eziyimpoqo yizo eziphathelene nokuphepha, ukuvumelana kwemikhiqizo, ubungane bemvelo kanye nokushintshana phakathi. Umthetho kaHulumeni wase-USSR wavumela ukusetshenziswa kwamazinga kazwelonke akhona kwamanye amazwe, izidingo zomhlaba wonke uma zihlangabezana nezidingo zomnotho wabantu.

Eminyakeni edlule inani elikhulu lamazinga we-GOST athuthukisiwe futhi avunywa. Kulezi zinsuku kunenqubo yokubuyekezwa kwabo ukuze bahambisane nezimfuneko ezijwayelekile zomhlaba jikelele. Njengoba isisekelo sisohlelo lwamazinga wamazwe omhlaba i-ISO, eRussia bakha uchungechunge lwamazinga aseRussia afana ne-GOST ISO 9001 noma i-GOST ISO 14001, ebamba intuthuko enhle kakhulu yomphakathi womhlaba kepha futhi babheka okucaciswe yiRussia.

Uhlu lwamazinga akhethiwe we-GOST

Umaki wokuvumelaniswa komkhiqizo ngokuya nge-GOST 50460-92: Umaki wokuvumelana kwezitifiketi ezigunyaziwe. Ukwakheka, usayizi kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe (ГОСТ Р 50460-92 «ЗЗ кЗ сЗк оЗия
  • IGOST 7.67Amakhodi ezwe
  • IGOST 5284-84: UTushonka (inyama yenkomo ekheniwe)
  • IGOST 7396: standard plugs zamandla nezisekelo ezisetshenziswa eRussia nakulo lonke Commonwealth of States Independent
  • IGOST 10859: Uhlamvu lwe-1964 olusethelwe amakhompyutha, kufaka phakathi izinhlamvu ezingezona i-ASCII / ezingezona i-Unicode ezidingekayo lapho kufakwa uhlelo ku I-ALGOL ulimi lohlelo.
  • I-GOST 16876-71: indinganiso yokuguqulwa kwamaletha kwe-Cyrillic-to-Latin
  • I-GOST 27974-88: Ulimi lokuhlela i-ALGOL 68 - Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68
  • I-GOST 27975-88: Ulimi lokuhlela i-ALGOL 68 inwetshiwe - Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68 расширенный
  • I-GOST 28147-89 vimba i-cipher—Ubizwa ngokuthi nje I-GOST ku-cryptography
  • I-GOST 11828-86: Imishini kagesi ejikelezayo
  • I-GOST 2.109-73: Uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwamadokhumenti wokuqamba. Izidingo eziyisisekelo zemidwebo - Единая система конструкторской документации. Основные требования к чертежам
  • I-GOST 2.123-93: Uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwamadokhumenti wokuqamba. Amasethi wemibhalo yokwakhiwa kwamapuleti wokuphrinta ngaphansi kokuklama okuzenzakalelayo - Единая система конструкторской документации. Комплектность конструкторских документов на печатные плаty
  • I-GOST 32569-2013: Ubuchwepheshe bepayipi lensimbi. Izidingo zokwakhiwa nokusebenza kokuqhuma nokukhiqiza okuyingozi - Трубопроводы технологические стальные. Требования к устройству и эксплуатации на взрывопожароопасных и химически опасных производствах
  • I-GOST 32410-2013: Isitimela sokugingqika esiphuthumayo sesitimela sokugingqiza abagibeli. Izidingo zobuchwepheshe nezindlela zokulawula. - Крэш-системы аварийные железнодорожного подвижного состава для пассажирских перевозок. Технические требования и методы контроля

GOLA R

Ngokomlando, uhlelo lwe-GOST R lwaluqhamuka ohlelweni lwe-GOST olwenziwe eSoviet Union futhi kamuva lwamukelwa yi-CIS. Ngakho-ke, amazinga we-GOST asetshenziswa kuwo wonke amazwe e-CIS, kufaka phakathi iRussia ngenkathi amazinga we-GOST R asebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kwendawo yeRussian Federation.

Lolu hlelo kuhloswe ngalo ukuhlinzeka iKhasimende ngokuphepha kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu yemikhiqizo nezinsizakalo. Leli lungelo leKhasimende lokuphepha nekhwalithi liqinisekiswa ngesitifiketi esiphoqelekile sokugcina hhayi sendabuko kepha nemikhiqizo yakwamanye amazwe. Khiqiza ongena emkhakheni weRussian Federation futhi ongaphansi kwesitifiketi esiphoqelekile ngokomthetho weRussian Federation kufanele uhlangabezane nezidingo Uhlelo lwesiqinisekiso saseRussia.

Uhlu lwemikhiqizo olungaphansi kwesitifiketi esiyimpoqo luchazwa yiGosstandart futhi lungabonakala ku: www.gost.ru. Lona kanye uhlelo lokuthola isitifiketi i-GOST R belusebenza iminyaka eminingi eRussia. Isisekelo esiyisisekelo saso sasingamazinga kazwelonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inqubomgomo esebenzayo yaseRussia yokungena kwi-WTO yayiyisizathu sokwamukelwa komthetho wobumbano “Kumthetho Wobuchwepheshe” № 184-ФЗ. Lo mthetho wenzelwe ukufanisa umthetho waseRussia nowaseYurophu emkhakheni wolawulo lobuchwepheshe.

Izinhlelo zesitifiketi

Ukudalwa kwezinhlelo zokuqinisekisa isitifiketi eRussia kuhlinzekwa yi-Federal Law №184 "Kumthethonqubo Wobuchwepheshe" Ukuhlola ukuvumelana komkhiqizo nezidingo zemithetho, amazinga, ukubhalisela ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinto ezibonakala njengokujwayelekile kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlinzeka ngokuphepha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemikhiqizo yabantu, imvelo kanye nesimo.

Ngokusho kwe-FL № 184 noma yiluphi uhlelo lokuqinisekisa lubandakanya:

  • Inhlangano eyisitifiketi ephakathi eyenza imisebenzi yenhlangano ngaphakathi kohlelo;
  • Izinhlaka zezitifiketi okumele zifakaze ikhono lazo lokwenza imisebenzi kubuchwepheshe nokwakha amadokhumende ezitifiketi emkhakheni othile wokuhlola ukuvumelana. Izitho zesitifiketi ezigunyazwe izinhlobo ezinjalo zomsebenzi, zinelungelo lokwenza lowo msebenzi;
  • I-laboratories yokugunyazwa yenza izivivinyo nezilinganiso zezinkomba zokuphepha noma ikhwalithi yezinto ezihloliwe. Ilabhorethri enjalo kufanele ibe nemishini nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe (kanye nezindlela zokuhlola) ukwenza imisebenzi yayo. Ukuba khona kwayo yonke izinsizakusebenza kufakazelwa Ubufakazi Bokugunyazwa kwelabhorethri emkhakheni othile womsebenzi;
  • Izicelo zingosomabhizinisi abazimele noma izinhlaka zomthetho zaseRussia (kwezinye izimo abakhiqizi bangaphandle), abahlose ukuhamba kepha inqubo yokuhlola ukufakazela ukukhiqizwa kwabo kuzidingo zomthetho noma ezinye izidingo ezithile zohlelo lokuqinisekisa (lapho lusebenza khona) .

Kunezinto ezahlukahlukene zokuthola isitifiketi (imikhiqizo ehlukile nezinqubo zokukhiqiza, amasistimu wokuphatha, amasayithi okwakha, njll.). Okuncane okuluhlu lwezingozi ongabhekana nazo ngokusebenzisa imikhiqizo nokuthi kufanele uvikele abathengi kuyo. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitifiketi eRussia zichazwa yilezi zinto ezimbili nangokuthi isifiso kwezinye izinkampani zethule ezazo izidingo zabathengi bemikhiqizo.

Kunamaqembu amabili amakhulu ezinhlelo zezitifiketi eRussia: ezokuzithandela neziphoqelekile. Kusuka emagameni kuyacaca ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwezinto zohlelo lokugunyazwa kwezitifiketi kubukeka kuyinto yesibopho kubo bonke abakhiqizi baseRussia nemikhiqizo evela phesheya.

Isitifiketi se-Obligatory

Yisakhiwo sikahulumeni sombuso kuphela esingadala uhlelo lokuqinisekisa isitifiketi saseRussia. Uhlelo kumele luqhubeke inqubo yokubhaliswa kombuso. I-Rosstandart ebhekele isitifiketi eRussia sisonke sigcina irejista yezinhlelo zokugunyazwa zeRF. Kungemva kokuthola iSitifiketi sokubhaliswa kombuso ngokuthola inamba yokubhalisa eyingqayizivele, ungenza imisebenzi ekuhlolweni kokuvumelana nohlelo olusha.

Kunezinhlelo ezingama-16 zokugunyazwa kwezitifiketi eRussia:

  • I-GOST R;
  • Izindlela zokuvikelwa kwemininingwane ngokuya ngezidingo zokuphepha kolwazi;
  • “I-Electrocommunication”;
  • Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Geodeic, i-cartographic kanye ne-topographic;
  • Ezokuthutha ugesi wesitimela;
  • Izindlela zokuvikelwa kolwazi;
  • Ezokuphepha kokwenza iziqhumane;
  • Emkhakheni wokuphepha umlilo;
  • Izindlela zokuvikela imininingwane ngokuya ngezidingo zokuphepha;
  • Izikebhe zomphakathi zasolwandle;
  • Kwezokuhamba emoyeni kweRF;
  • Amasu omoya kanye nezinto zezindiza ezindizayo;
  • Umsebenzi wezikebhe;
  • Kwamasethi enuzi, amaphuzu okugcina izinto ezinemisebe;
  • Izindlela zokuvikela imininingwane ehlanganisa imfihlo yombuso;
  • Amalungiselelo omzimba wokuzivikela

Uhlelo lokuqinisekisa lwesitifiketi se-GOST R olunesibopho lunezinhlelo ezingezansi zokuqinisekisa imikhiqizo engenacala. Uhlelo lokuqinisekisa lwesitifiketi se-GOST R olunesibopho lunezinhlelo ezingezansi ezingama-40 ngokuya ngezinhlobo zokukhiqiza ezingezinhle. Isibonelo izinkambiso ezilandelayo:

  • Isitifiketi sezokwelashwa;
  • Uhlelo lwemikhiqizo kawoyela yesitifiketi;
  • Uhlelo lokuqinisekiswa kwezitsha;
  • Uhlelo lokuthola isitifiketi semishini kagesi (i-SCE);
  • Uhlelo lokuthola isitifiketi sezindlela zokuhamba zabakhenikha kanye nama-trailer;
  • Uhlelo lokuqinisekiswa kwamagesi;
  • Isistimu yokuqinisekiswa kwe- “SEPROCHIM” (irabha, i-asbestos) nabanye abaningi.

Ukuphathwa kwempahla yombuso emkhakheni wokulawulwa kobuchwepheshe, ukuhlela ukusebenza kokwenza isitifiketi ohlelweni lwe-GOST R kwenziwa yiRostechregulation (i-Gosstandart yangaphambili) ebonakala njengenhlangano ye-Federal for regulation technical kanye ne-metrology (manje ibizwa ngeRosstandart) . I-ejensi enikeziwe iyingxenye yesakhiwo soMnyango Wezimboni Nezokuhweba weRF.

Kwaba uhlelo lokuqala nolukhulu kakhulu lokuhlola ukutholakala kwezimpawu eRussia futhi luhlanganisa wonke amaqembu okukhiqizwa okufanele ahlolwe ngokoMthetho weFederal “Mayelana nokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abathengi” futhi wenza ezinye izinto zomthetho ezibheka izinhlobo ezihlukile wezimpahla Igunya le-GOST R lesitifiketi lesitifiketi lesicinisekisako lifaka nehlelo lwekutitfutfukisa lwe-GOST R ngekutitsandzela ngobe abafaka sicelo sekuhlola ngekutitsandzela kutfobeka bavame kusebenta kuloluhlelo kakhulu.

Isitifiketi sokuzithandela

Noma yisiphi isakhamuzi saseRussia singabhalisa uhlelo olunjalo lokuhlola ngokoMthetho. Ngenkathi udala uhlelo kufanele uhlele uhlu lwezinto ezizokuhlaziywa ngokuhambisana nezinhlaka zalo, izinkomba kanye nezimpawu ngokulandela isitifiketi sokuzithandela, kufanele futhi wakhe imithetho yemithetho nohlelo lokukhokha kwemisebenzi kwisitifiketi, futhi kumele uchaze ababambiqhaza bohlelo olunikeziwe lokuhlola ukuvumelana.

Ukubhaliswa kohlelo lokuvuma isitifiketi lokuzithandela kuyafana nenqubo yokubhaliswa kohlelo lokuphoqelelwa. Endabeni yokwenqaba, iRosstandart ithumela umfakisicelo izincazelo zezizathu zokuthi kungani uhlelo olusha kungenzeka lungabhaliswa. Kulezi zinsuku kunezitho ezingaphezu kwezingu-130 zezitifiketi eziphakathi nenqubo yokubhalisa.

Nazi izibonelo zezitifiketi zokuzithandela:

  • Izinto zokwakha “Rosstroisashoicazia”;
  • Izinsizakalo zabasebenzi nezezindlu - “Roszhilkommunsashoikazia”;
  • Izindlela zokuvikelwa kwemininingwane ye-cryptographic;
  • Ukukhiqizwa kweGosstandart yaseRussia;
  • Ukukhiqiza kanye nezimboni ezisezingeni lezokuvikela izinhlelo - “Oboronsertifika”;
  • Isitifiketi sokudla "HAASP";
  • Ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle;
  • Ubucwebe (izinhlelo eziningana emkhakheni onikezwe ngamagama ahlukile;
  • Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-Bio - "BOSTI";
  • Izinsizakalo emkhakheni wokukhangisa;
  • Ukuhlolwa kwezinto zempahla enengqondo;
  • Ubuchwepheshe bolwazi - "SSIT".

Izinhlelo zokuzivumelanisa zokuzithandela ezinhlanganweni

  • I-Fuel namandla eyinkimbinkimbi (Uhlelo “Teksert”);
  • Izinsiza zomkhakha wegesi kawoyela i- “Neftegaz”;
  • Ukukhiqiza nezinsizakalo "Technosert";
  • IGAZPROMSERT;

Izinhlelo zesitifiketi sikazwelonke zesifunda

  • Izinsizakalo zokuhweba eMoscow;
  • Izinsizakalo Zokuhweba "Tulasert";
  • Izinsizakalo zeziteshi zikaphethiloli kanye nemishini eMoscow;
  • Izinsizakalo zamafutha eSifundeni saseMoscow;
  • Izinsizakalo zokuthengiswa kwezitolo ezitolo ezifundeni zaseSakhalin;
  • Izinsizakalo zokuthengisa ngentengiso eRiphabhlikhi yaseSakha (Yakutia);
  • Izinsizakalo zeziteshi zegesi nezakhiwo ze-Urals Region "URALSERT-AZS";
  • Izinsizakalo zokuthengiswa kwezitolo eSt. Petersburg nakwezinye.
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